A Summary of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and Technologies Available or under Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Viral Spike (S) Protein
3. Vaccines Approved for Use
3.1. Messenger-RNA (mRNA) Vaccines
3.1.1. Pfizer–BioNTech Vaccine (PBV)
3.1.2. Moderna Vaccine (MV)
3.1.3. CVnCoV Vaccine of CureVac (CVV)
3.2. Human Adenovirus Nonreplicating and Replicating Vector-Based Vaccines
3.2.1. Oxford–AstraZeneca Vaccine (OAV; AZD 1222; Vaxzevria)
3.2.2. Sputnik-V Vaccine (SVV)
3.2.3. Johnson and Johnson Vaccine (J&J V; JNJ-78436735)
3.2.4. AD5-nCoV (Convidecia) Vaccine
3.3. Inactivated Coronavirus Vaccines
3.3.1. Sinopharm Vaccine (SV; BBIBP-CorV)
3.3.2. Sinopharm-Wuhan Vaccine (SWV)
3.3.3. CoronaVac Vaccine (CV; Formerly PiCoVacc)
3.3.4. Covaxin Vaccine (COV; Bharat Biotech Vaccine, BBV152)
3.4. Recombinant Protein Subunit Vaccines
3.4.1. Novavax (NVX-CoV2373) Vaccine
3.4.2. EpiVacCorona Vaccine (EVCV)
3.4.3. ZF 2001 (RBD Dimer) Vaccine
3.5. Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Vaccines
3.6. Repurposed and Live Attenuated Vaccines
4. Vaccines in Phase 1/2 Clinical Trials
5. Mutations and Types of Viral Variants
6. Side Effects, Precautions, and Contraindications
7. The Immune Response in the Postvaccination Period
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vaccines | Types * |
---|---|
Pfizer–BioNTech | mRNA [10,11] |
Moderna | mRNA [12] |
CVnCoV (or CureVac) | mRNA [13] |
Oxford–AstraZeneca | Vector-ChAdOx1 [14] |
Sputnik V by Gamaleya | Vector-Ad5 and Ad26 [15] |
Johnson and Johnson | Vector-Ad26 [16] |
Ad5-nCoV (or Convidecia) | Vector-Ad5 [17] |
Sinopharm | Inactivated [18] |
Sinopharm Wuhan | Inactivated [19] |
CoronaVac | Inactivated [20] |
Covaxin (or BBV 152) by Bharat Biotech | Inactivated [21] |
Novavax COVID-19 | Protein subunit [22] |
EpiVacCorona by Vector Institute | Synthetic protein [23] |
ZF 2001 | Protein–RBD dimer [24] |
Vaccines | Types |
---|---|
ARCoV by China’s PLA Academy of Military Science (AMS), Suzhou Abogen Biosciences, and Walvax Biotechnology | mRNA [25] |
Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) | mRNA [26] |
LUNAR-COVID 19 by Arcturus Therapeutics and Duke-NUS Medical School | mRNA “self-amplifying” [27] |
HGCO19 by Gennova Bio India and HDT Bio Seattle | mRNA “self-amplifying” [28] |
VacEquity Global Health (Imperial College, U.K.) | Self amplifying RNA, skin implanted [29,30] |
Covigenix VAX-001 by Entos Pharmaceuticals (Canada) | DNA, nucleocapsid gene [31] |
DNA bacTRL-Spike by Symvivo (Canada) | DNA in a bacterial vector, oral [32] |
CORVax 12 | DNA for S protein and pIL-12 [33] |
AG0302 by Japanese AnGes, Osaka University, and Takara Bio | DNA, skin injection [34] |
Zydus Cadila (India) | DNA, skin patch [35] |
INO-4800 by Inovio (Pennsylvania-based company) | DNA injection by skin device [36] |
GeneOne Life Science (South Korea-based biotech company) | DNA encoding two proteins [37] |
COVID-eVax | DNA fragment [38] |
GRAd-COV2 by ReiThera (Italy) with Leukocare (Germany) and Univercells (Belgium) | Simian Ad GRAd vectored [39] |
Vaxart (USA) | Ad5-vectored, oral [40] |
AdCOVID by Altimmune Company | Ad5-vectored, nasal [41,42] |
Convidecia (or Ad5-nCoV) | Ad5-vectored [43] |
AdCLD-CoV19 by Cellid and IVI Biotech Co. | Ad5- and Ad35-vectored [44,45] |
Flu-Covid Nasal by University of Hong Kong and Xiamen University | Influenza virus-vectored [46] |
MVA-SARS-2-S by DZIF and IDT Biologika | MVA orthopoxvirus-vectored [47] |
BriLife by Israel Institute for Biological Research | Vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored [48] |
Recombinant vaccine by West China Hospital and Sichuan University | RBD of S protein in insect cells [49] |
Adimmune (Taiwan-based manufacturer) | RBD of S protein [50] |
Shionogi (Japanese pharmaceutical company) | Protein in insect cells [51] |
Soberana 02 by Finlay Institute of Vaccines (Cuba) | RBD with tetanus toxoid [52] |
CoVLP by Medicago and GSK (Canada) | Virus like-particles in plant cells [53] |
Kentucky BioProcessing | Protein in plant cells (NBR) [54] |
Dynavax by Clover Pharmaceuticals (China) | S-Trimer protein [55] |
COVAXX (New York, USA) | Multitope peptide-based [56] |
University of Tübingen (Germany) | Eight parts of two viral proteins [57] |
COVAX 19 of Vaxine (Australia) | Protein subunit [58] |
SpyBiotech and Serum Institute of India | Coronavirus RBD and HBsAg VLPs [59] |
Mambisa by Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Cuba) | RBD and HBV nasal spray [60] |
Abdala by Center of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Cuba) | RBD of S protein [61] |
SK Bioscience (South Korea) | S protein [62] |
Nanocovax by Nanogen Pharmaceuticals (Vietnam) | Protein-based [63,64] |
COVAC by University of Saskatchewan (Canada) | Protein subunits [65] |
CoviVac by Chumakov Centre (Russia) | Inactivated [66] |
Valneva (France-based company) | Inactivated [67] |
ERUCOV-VAC by Erciyes University (Turkey) | Inactivated [68] |
QazCovid-in by RIBSP (Kazakhstan) | Inactivated [69] |
COVIran Barekat by Shifa Pharmed (Iran) | Inactivated [70] |
COVI-VAC (intranasal) by Codagenix | Live attenuated, nasal [71] |
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Abdulla, Z.A.; Al-Bashir, S.M.; Al-Salih, N.S.; Aldamen, A.A.; Abdulazeez, M.Z. A Summary of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and Technologies Available or under Development. Pathogens 2021, 10, 788. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070788
Abdulla ZA, Al-Bashir SM, Al-Salih NS, Aldamen AA, Abdulazeez MZ. A Summary of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and Technologies Available or under Development. Pathogens. 2021; 10(7):788. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070788
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdulla, Zainalabideen A., Sharaf M. Al-Bashir, Noor S. Al-Salih, Ala A. Aldamen, and Mohammad Z. Abdulazeez. 2021. "A Summary of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and Technologies Available or under Development" Pathogens 10, no. 7: 788. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070788