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10.3390/pathogens10060746
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Review

Diversity and Function of Appressoria

by
K. W. Thilini Chethana
1,2,3,
Ruvishika S. Jayawardena
2,3,
Yi-Jyun Chen
2,3,
Sirinapa Konta
2,3,
Saowaluck Tibpromma
4,
Pranami D. Abeywickrama
2,3,5,
Deecksha Gomdola
2,3,
Abhaya Balasuriya
6,†,
Jianping Xu
7,
Saisamorn Lumyong
8,9 and
Kevin D. Hyde
1,2,3,4,8,*
1
Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
2
Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
3
School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
4
CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
5
Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Diseases and Pests of North China Fruits, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
6
Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale 50300, Sri Lanka
7
Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
8
Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
9
Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Retired professor.
Pathogens 2021, 10(6), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060746
Submission received: 29 April 2021 / Revised: 4 June 2021 / Accepted: 8 June 2021 / Published: 12 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Filamentous Fungal Pathogens)
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Abstract

Endophytic, saprobic, and pathogenic fungi have evolved elaborate strategies to obtain nutrients from plants. Among the diverse plant-fungi interactions, the most crucial event is the attachment and penetration of the plant surface. Appressoria, specialized infection structures, have been evolved to facilitate this purpose. In this review, we describe the diversity of these appressoria and classify them into two main groups: single-celled appressoria (proto-appressoria, hyaline appressoria, melanized (dark) appressoria) and compound appressoria. The ultrastructure of appressoria, their initiation, their formation, and their function in fungi are discussed. We reviewed the molecular mechanisms regulating the formation and function of appressoria, their strategies to evade host defenses, and the related genomics and transcriptomics. The current review provides a foundation for comprehensive studies regarding their evolution and diversity in different fungal groups.
Keywords: host-defense; host-recognition; hyaline appressoria; infection process; melanized appressoria; proto-appressoria host-defense; host-recognition; hyaline appressoria; infection process; melanized appressoria; proto-appressoria

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chethana, K.W.T.; Jayawardena, R.S.; Chen, Y.-J.; Konta, S.; Tibpromma, S.; Abeywickrama, P.D.; Gomdola, D.; Balasuriya, A.; Xu, J.; Lumyong, S.; et al. Diversity and Function of Appressoria. Pathogens 2021, 10, 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060746

AMA Style

Chethana KWT, Jayawardena RS, Chen Y-J, Konta S, Tibpromma S, Abeywickrama PD, Gomdola D, Balasuriya A, Xu J, Lumyong S, et al. Diversity and Function of Appressoria. Pathogens. 2021; 10(6):746. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060746

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chethana, K. W. Thilini, Ruvishika S. Jayawardena, Yi-Jyun Chen, Sirinapa Konta, Saowaluck Tibpromma, Pranami D. Abeywickrama, Deecksha Gomdola, Abhaya Balasuriya, Jianping Xu, Saisamorn Lumyong, and et al. 2021. "Diversity and Function of Appressoria" Pathogens 10, no. 6: 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060746

APA Style

Chethana, K. W. T., Jayawardena, R. S., Chen, Y.-J., Konta, S., Tibpromma, S., Abeywickrama, P. D., Gomdola, D., Balasuriya, A., Xu, J., Lumyong, S., & Hyde, K. D. (2021). Diversity and Function of Appressoria. Pathogens, 10(6), 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060746

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