Salmonella Infection in Nursery Piglets and Its Role in the Spread of Salmonellosis to Further Production Periods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Salmonella Isolation, Serotyping, and Serology in Piglets
2.2. Salmonella Isolation, Serotyping, and Serology in Gilt Development Units (GDU)
2.3. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
2.4. Antimicrobial Resistance
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Farm Selection
4.2. Collection of Samples
4.3. Bacteriology
4.4. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Analysis
4.5. Antimicrobial Agent Susceptibility
4.6. Serology
4.7. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Farm | No. of Piglets | No. of MLN-Positive (%) | No. of IC-Positive (%) | No. of IC- and MLN-Positive (%) ** |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | 96 | 39 (40.6) | 47 (48.9) | 31 (56.4) |
B | 75 | 34 (45.3) | 26 (34.7) | 20 (50.0) |
C | 89 | 26 (29.2) | 34 (38.2) | 22 (57.9) |
D | 49 | 29 (59.2) | 22 (44.9) | 20 (64.5) |
E | 80 | 14 (17.5) | 16 (20.0) | 11 (57.9) |
Total | 389 | 142 (36.5) | 145 (37.3) | 104 (56.8) |
Farm | Piglet Isolates | No. of Piglets with the Same Serotype in MLN–IC | GDU Isolates | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IC | MLN | ||||||
Serotype | No. (%) | Serotype | No. (%) | Serotype | No. (%) | ||
A | Rissen | 25 (53.2) | Rissen | 19 (48.7) | 17 | Rissen | 11 (78.6) |
4,[5],12:i:- | 15 (31.9) | 4,[5],12:i:- | 17 (43.6) | 9 | Anatum | 2 (14.3) | |
Derby | 4 (8.5) | Brandenburg | 1 (2.6) | 4,[5],12:i:- | 1 (7.1) | ||
Kapemba | 2 (4.3) | Goldcoast | 1 (2.6) | ||||
Typhimurium | 1 (2.1) | London | 1 (2.6) | ||||
B | Rissen | 12 (46.2) | Rissen | 8 (23.5) | 5 | Rissen | 4 (66.6) |
4,[5],12:i:- | 5 (19.2) | 4,[5],12:i:- | 8 (23.5) | 3 | Brandenburg | 1 (16.7) | |
Goldcoast | 5 (19.2) | Goldcoast | 3 (8.8) | 3 | 4,[5],12:i:- | 1 (16.7) | |
Brandenburg | 3 (11.5) | Brandenburg | 13 (38.2) | 3 | |||
Derby | 1 (3.8) | Derby | 2 (5.9) | 1 | |||
C | Rissen | 23 (67.6) | Rissen | 13 (50) | 12 | Rissen | 10 (83.3) |
4,[5],12:i:- | 7 (20.6) | 4,[5],12:i:- | 6 (23.1) | 2 | Derby | 2 (16.7) | |
Derby | 2 (5.9) | Derby | 5 (19.2) | 1 | |||
Anatum | 1 (2.9) | Anatum | 1 (3.8) | 1 | |||
Kedougou | 1 (2.9) | Typhimurium | 1 (3.8) | ||||
D | 4,[5],12:i:- | 19 (86.3) | 4,[5],12:i:- | 18 (62.1) | 15 | Derby | 7 (70.0) |
Goldcoast | 1 (4.5) | Goldcoast | 9 (31.0) | 1 | Rissen | 3 (30.0) | |
Brandenburg | 1 (4.5) | Brandenburg | 1 (3.4) | 1 | |||
Ohio | 1 (4.5) | Ohio | 1 (3.4) | 1 | |||
E | 4,[5],12:i:- | 12 (75.0) | 4,[5],12:i:- | 9 (64.3) | 8 | Rissen | 8 (88.9) |
Rissen | 2 (12.5) | Rissen | 4 (28.6) | 2 | 4,[5],12:i:- | 1 (11.1) | |
Anatum | 1 (6.3) | Anatum | 1 (7.1) | 1 | |||
Agona | 1 (6.3) | ||||||
Total | 145 | 142 | 86 | 51 |
No. of Piglets | No. (%) of IC-Positive Piglets | Logistic Regression Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI (OR) | p | |||
MLN | |||||
Negative 1 | 247 | 41 (16.6) | 1 | - | - |
Positive | 142 | 104 (73.2) | 12.71 | 7.33–22.05 | <0.001 |
Season | |||||
Winter 1 | 139 | 33 (23.7) | 1 | - | - |
Spring | 91 | 26 (28.6) | 1.17 | 0.55–2.51 | 0.672 |
Summer | 87 | 56 (64.4) | 2.69 | 1.31–5.55 | 0.007 |
Autumn | 72 | 30 (41.7) | 2.53 | 1.22–5.26 | 0.013 |
Farm | No. of Floor Fecal Samples | No. of Positive Floor Fecal Samples (%) * | No. of Serum Samples | No. of Seropositive Samples (%) ** |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | 32 | 14 (43.8) | 91 | 29 (31.9) |
B | 24 | 6 (25.0) | 90 | 25 (27.8) |
C | 32 | 12 (37.5) | 90 | 19 (21.1) |
D | 57 | 10 (17.5) | NA | - |
E | 46 | 9 (19.6) | 150 | 29 (19.3) |
Total | 191 | 51 (26.7) | 421 | 102 (24.2) |
AMR Family Pattern * | No. of Strains | Serotypes Involved (No. of Strains) | Farm |
---|---|---|---|
ACS | 1 | 4,[5],12:i:- | E |
ACSSu | 1 | Rissen | A |
ACSSuT | 15 | Rissen (13), Derby (2) | A, B, C, E |
ACSSuTCf | 1 | Rissen | C |
ACSSuTCfNa | 5 | Rissen | A, B, C |
ACST | 17 | 4,[5],12:i:- (10), Rissen (7) | A, B, C, E |
ACSTCf | 1 | Rissen | A |
AST | 4 | 4,[5],12:i:- | A, E |
CS | 2 | Derby | C |
CSCf | 1 | Rissen | E |
CSSuT | 1 | Rissen | B |
CST | 5 | Rissen (4), 4,[5],12:i:- (1) | A, B, E |
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Bernad-Roche, M.; Casanova-Higes, A.; Marín-Alcalá, C.M.; Cebollada-Solanas, A.; Mainar-Jaime, R.C. Salmonella Infection in Nursery Piglets and Its Role in the Spread of Salmonellosis to Further Production Periods. Pathogens 2021, 10, 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020123
Bernad-Roche M, Casanova-Higes A, Marín-Alcalá CM, Cebollada-Solanas A, Mainar-Jaime RC. Salmonella Infection in Nursery Piglets and Its Role in the Spread of Salmonellosis to Further Production Periods. Pathogens. 2021; 10(2):123. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020123
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernad-Roche, María, Alejandro Casanova-Higes, Clara M. Marín-Alcalá, Alberto Cebollada-Solanas, and Raúl C. Mainar-Jaime. 2021. "Salmonella Infection in Nursery Piglets and Its Role in the Spread of Salmonellosis to Further Production Periods" Pathogens 10, no. 2: 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020123