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Article

Numerical Modelling and Experimental Validation of FRCM-Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Macro-Modelling Techniques

by
María Rodríguez-Marcos
1,*,
Paula Villanueva-Llaurado
1,
Jaime Fernández-Gómez
2 and
Daniel V. Oliveira
3
1
Departamento de Estructuras y Física de Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28008 Madrid, Spain
2
Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Construcción, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28008 Madrid, Spain
3
ARISE, Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Buildings 2026, 16(3), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16030551
Submission received: 20 December 2025 / Revised: 14 January 2026 / Accepted: 24 January 2026 / Published: 29 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Concrete Materials in Construction)
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Abstract

Fibre reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems are composite materials that are increasingly used for retrofitting masonry and reinforced concrete structures. Their behaviour does not depend only on the mechanical properties of the fibres and the matrix. Therefore, it is essential to perform tensile tests on FRCM coupons, as well as additional tests to investigate whether the interaction between the FRCM system and the substrate can be considered a perfect bond. The aim of this paper is to numerically simulate the behaviour of concrete beams retrofitted with two FRCM composite systems assuming perfect bond. The results of the numerical simulations were compared with experimental data, and it was observed that the adopted models successfully capture the cracking behaviour of both the concrete and the FRCM, as well as overall structural response of the specimens. The main finding was that the behaviour of concrete beams retrofitted with FRCM can be effectively estimated using a macro-modelling approach in numerical simulations. The ultimate load obtained experimentally is between 2% and 20% higher than the numerical value. This is safe and accurate enough for engineering purposes.
Keywords: FRCM; TRM; numerical modelling; retrofitting; concrete beams FRCM; TRM; numerical modelling; retrofitting; concrete beams

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rodríguez-Marcos, M.; Villanueva-Llaurado, P.; Fernández-Gómez, J.; Oliveira, D.V. Numerical Modelling and Experimental Validation of FRCM-Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Macro-Modelling Techniques. Buildings 2026, 16, 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16030551

AMA Style

Rodríguez-Marcos M, Villanueva-Llaurado P, Fernández-Gómez J, Oliveira DV. Numerical Modelling and Experimental Validation of FRCM-Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Macro-Modelling Techniques. Buildings. 2026; 16(3):551. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16030551

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodríguez-Marcos, María, Paula Villanueva-Llaurado, Jaime Fernández-Gómez, and Daniel V. Oliveira. 2026. "Numerical Modelling and Experimental Validation of FRCM-Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Macro-Modelling Techniques" Buildings 16, no. 3: 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16030551

APA Style

Rodríguez-Marcos, M., Villanueva-Llaurado, P., Fernández-Gómez, J., & Oliveira, D. V. (2026). Numerical Modelling and Experimental Validation of FRCM-Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Macro-Modelling Techniques. Buildings, 16(3), 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16030551

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