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Volume 16
Issue 2
10.3390/buildings16020427
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Building Morphotypes as Tokens: Simulated Annealing Discovery of Two-Void Block Layouts Balancing Sun, Grey-Space Wind, and Visibility

by
Pufan Song
1,†,
Jiahe Wang
2,†,
Jingyu Ni
2,
Yifei Li
3,
Yalan Zhang
4,
Tianbao Wu
2 and
Biao Zhou
5,*
1
School of International Communication and Arts, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
2
Wales College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
3
Hainan International College, Minzu University of China, Sanya 572400, China
4
School of Urban Design, Central Academy of Fine Arts, Beijing 100000, China
5
School of Arts, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Buildings 2026, 16(2), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020427
Submission received: 18 November 2025 / Revised: 8 January 2026 / Accepted: 14 January 2026 / Published: 20 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study treats initial building modal planning as the organizing unit for tropical neighborhood design and unifies three pedestrian-scale objectives: perimeter daylight at 1.5 m (S), grey-space wind (W), and ground-plane visibility (V)—within a typology-aware, two-void layout grammars for Haikou. Using α-referenced deviations (|ΔMean| + 0.25|ΔIQR| per metric) and multi-objective simulated annealing over 16 morphotypes plus two VOIDs, we obtained a Pareto archive of 4000 layouts. A thick knee emerges: mid-field paired voids with bar–court compositions consistently suppress W and V deviations while keeping S close to α; the central spine and cross-breath prototypes dominate among the top solutions, and the 80-layout atlas enables direct selection. The configuration and α baselines were fixed for full reproducibility, supporting policy-grade traceability. All evaluations were performed at the human interface with metric-specific aggregation (S over 14 non-VOID blocks; w/v over all 16), coupling building morphotypes, pedestrian-layer analytics, and archive-aware Multi-Objective Simulated Annealing (MOSA). Collectively, these results provide evidence-backed rules—site two voids near the middle, composed of tempered courts and bars, and provide strong support for near-term tropical planning codes and schematic design decisions.
Keywords: building morphotypes; mid-field void placement; grey-space wind; ground-plane visibility; simulated annealing building morphotypes; mid-field void placement; grey-space wind; ground-plane visibility; simulated annealing

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Song, P.; Wang, J.; Ni, J.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, T.; Zhou, B. Building Morphotypes as Tokens: Simulated Annealing Discovery of Two-Void Block Layouts Balancing Sun, Grey-Space Wind, and Visibility. Buildings 2026, 16, 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020427

AMA Style

Song P, Wang J, Ni J, Li Y, Zhang Y, Wu T, Zhou B. Building Morphotypes as Tokens: Simulated Annealing Discovery of Two-Void Block Layouts Balancing Sun, Grey-Space Wind, and Visibility. Buildings. 2026; 16(2):427. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020427

Chicago/Turabian Style

Song, Pufan, Jiahe Wang, Jingyu Ni, Yifei Li, Yalan Zhang, Tianbao Wu, and Biao Zhou. 2026. "Building Morphotypes as Tokens: Simulated Annealing Discovery of Two-Void Block Layouts Balancing Sun, Grey-Space Wind, and Visibility" Buildings 16, no. 2: 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020427

APA Style

Song, P., Wang, J., Ni, J., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Wu, T., & Zhou, B. (2026). Building Morphotypes as Tokens: Simulated Annealing Discovery of Two-Void Block Layouts Balancing Sun, Grey-Space Wind, and Visibility. Buildings, 16(2), 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020427

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