Innovative Approaches to Urban Revitalization: Lessons from the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex Project in Warsaw

Abstract

The revitalization of Fort Bema in Warsaw’s Bemowo district addresses the urgent need for sustainable urban development in degraded post-military areas. This study aims to explore innovative urban development strategies that effectively integrate historic preservation with modern housing solutions. Using a case study approach, the research employs SWOT analysis and examines public–private partnerships (PPP) to evaluate revitalization strategies. Key findings include an analysis of the factors that contributed to the successful transformation of 148 hectares of land, including the construction of the “Parkowo-Leśne” housing estate with 1637 apartments with a total area of 118,255.97 m² and volume of 669,982.73 m³. In addition, the Osmańczyka Street Housing Estate was developed on an area of 11.7 hectares, providing over 100,000 m² of residential space and buildings with a total volume of approximately 548,000 m³. The positive net migration trends observed during this period further confirm the development and attractiveness of the Bemowo district as a desirable residential area. These developments enhance community engagement and urban cohesion. The study concludes that flexible planning methods and stakeholder collaboration are essential to successful urban transformation. It recommends that similar projects adopt these strategies to balance development pressures with heritage conservation, thereby addressing housing shortages while preserving cultural significance.

1. Introduction

The revitalization of former industrial and military sites is a crucial aspect of sustainable urban development, addressing the challenges posed by brownfield sites and integrating them into the urban environment to enhance social, economic, and environmental outcomes [1,2,3]. This process involves transforming these underutilized areas into vibrant parts of the city, contributing to urban renewal and sustainability [4,5,6,7]. The redevelopment of industrial zones can be a great tool for revitalizing the local economy by attracting new businesses and creating jobs [8]. Socially, these projects have the effect of reducing territorial isolation, increasing community cohesion [9,10,11,12], and improving access to services [8]. Furthermore, transforming industrial and post-military areas fosters social sustainability by establishing new residential spaces and promoting diverse, multifunctional environments [13]. Sustainable reclamation is based on the principle of ecological resilience and aims to restore natural habitats and reduce pollution [14,15]. Incorporating green spaces into reclaimed areas provides habitats for urban biodiversity and contributes to a better quality of life for residents [16,17,18]. Effective reclamation requires collaboration between governments, developers, community groups, and representatives of other stakeholders to ensure adequate representation of diverse interests [19,20,21,22]. Understanding stakeholder dynamics is essential for making the right decisions in urban planning [23,24,25]. The reclamation of such areas brings many opportunities, but at the same time one has to face difficulties such as regulatory complexity and social attitudes in order to easily incorporate them into the urban environment [2].

It is important to note that analogous difficulties associated with the revitalization of post-industrial and post-military areas have been the focus of study and scrutiny in numerous urban centers around the world [9,20,21,26,27]. The transformation of industrial areas into residential and leisure zones requires creative urban strategies and collaboration between different stakeholders, resulting in the establishment of contemporary urban neighborhoods [28,29,30,31]. Examples from various regions around the globe demonstrate how the reuse of existing infrastructure can create new living environments that meet the needs of contemporary residents [32,33]. Such cases emphasize the importance of flexible approaches to spatial planning and the need for collaboration between the public and private sectors [34]. The Fort Bema revitalization project shows how innovative planning tools and public–private collaboration can be used in revitalization efforts [34,35]. These practices also contribute to increased investment opportunities and promote sustainable urban development, especially in the face of increased housing needs and environmental protection requirements [9,36]. In this context, Kucherenko et al. [9] examine the rehabilitation of industrial zones as one of the strategies for reusing valuable land for residential and commercial purposes, thus addressing the demand for land in urban areas, but emphasize the need for comprehensive legal and infrastructural arrangements to make such changes possible. Furthermore, Leshchenko et al. [37] emphasize that the revitalization of industrially established historic areas is a complex process, suggesting that such efforts can provide new socio-cultural and economic meaning while preserving historical authenticity, rather than merely focusing on real estate development. In the context of Fort Bema, this approach addresses broader urban development challenges and contributes to sustainable community engagement by ensuring that revitalization efforts are not solely profit-driven but also enhance the cultural and social fabric of the area.

This study is driven by a significant need, as numerous challenges have arisen in areas previously used for industrial or military purposes. In the 21st century, with the strong environmental movement, the use of reclaimed (historic) materials and buildings has become popular. The restoration of old structures plays a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage and is consistent with environmental sustainability by minimizing the waste associated with new construction [38]. In this vein, Pinheiro et al. [38] highlight the integration of sustainability into conservation practices, emphasizing greener methods and the importance of education in promoting these practices. By focusing on the restoration of existing heritage, conservation efforts and sustainable development practices can reduce environmental impact while maintaining cultural significance, thus bridging the gap between scientific research and practical application in sustainable conservation efforts.

The research methodology involves an in-depth analysis of the Fort Bema revitalization project, focusing on strategies and practices implemented during its transformation, including historic preservation and community engagement. This study aims to gather qualitative data through detailed project reviews to identify the best practices in urban revitalization. A primary conclusion is that effectively preserving historic components requires a careful balance between the current and future needs of the community. The transformation of the Fort Bema recreation area exemplifies how public spaces around historic sites can foster local identity and enhance community engagement. These findings are relevant not only to Fort Bema but also to other historic sites facing similar urban challenges. Importantly, this study offers critical insights for policymakers and urban planners seeking to revitalize deteriorating areas while maintaining their historic value. The revitalization of former industrial and military sites, particularly in historic urban contexts, is a vital focus within urban planning. This article addresses the urgent need for sustainable development strategies that integrate cultural heritage while responding to contemporary challenges. The research question centers on defining a decision-making process that supports the revitalization of post-industrial areas, emphasizing historical significance and community engagement. The main contribution of this article is the definition of this decision-making process, which serves as a framework for evaluating revitalization efforts in historical contexts. Using Fort Bema as a case study, the research identifies the strengths and limitations of the defined process (in the form of a SWOT analysis), providing valuable insights into effective planning and management strategies. The article explores innovative urban development strategies for revitalizing Fort Bema, highlighting the importance of public–private partnerships (PPP) and flexible planning methods. This research is novel in its approach, integrating historic preservation with modern urban development needs, thus contributing to the discourse on sustainable urban transformation. By analyzing the best practices and outcomes from the Fort Bema project, this study aims to provide recommendations applicable to similar heritage sites facing common challenges in urban environments.

The structure of the article is straightforward. In the Methods and Materials section, the discussion focuses on revitalization strategies in historical urban contexts, outlining key challenges and methodological approaches. This includes a detailed examination of the study area, specifically the location, historical context, and description of the Fort Bema case study, along with the analytical frameworks employed, such as SWOT analysis and PPP. The Results section presents findings from the Fort Bema revitalization project, emphasizing actions taken, key developments, and their effects on community engagement and urban cohesion. The Discussion section provides a critical analysis of these results, exploring their implications for urban planning and heritage preservation while assessing the strengths and limitations of the revitalization process. Finally, the Conclusions section summarizes the main insights of the study and offers recommendations for policymakers and urban planners on sustainable strategies for revitalizing similar heritage sites.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Revitalization Strategies in Historical Urban Contexts: Key Challenges and Approaches

Urban revitalization of cities through cultural heritage is a complex process that attracts attention from scholars and practitioners across various fields. In contemporary urban challenges, cultural heritage plays a crucial role in creating sustainable and attractive spaces [39,40,41,42]. It encompasses monuments, traditions, cultural landscapes, and intangible aspects that enrich urban identity while drawing tourists [43]. Revitalization refers to renewing urban areas by utilizing heritage elements as key resources. Notably, cultural heritage not only enhances tourist attractiveness [44] but also plays an essential role in building local identity and community [45,46]. In this context, the regeneration of historic districts in China highlights urban morphology’s role in creating public value and fostering social interaction [39]. Case studies such as Chengdu KuanZhai Alley and Shanghai TianZiFang Alley illustrate how effective urban regeneration can preserve cultural heritage while improving public spaces. A proposed framework for assessing cultural sustainability in urban environmental facilities includes indicators that focus on cultural representation and community resilience [39]. This framework aids urban planners in integrating cultural heritage into design processes, promoting cohesive communities. Research in Sweden indicates that while cultural heritage can be a resource for social sustainability, current practices often overlook citizen participation [40]. Engaging communities in heritage discussions can enhance social cohesion and collective identity. The heritage corridor framework connects fragmented historical resources, promoting sustainability in urban areas [41]. This approach has been validated in Wuxi, demonstrating its effectiveness in enhancing urban living quality. While the preservation of cultural heritage is essential, it can sometimes conflict with modern urban development needs. Balancing historical preservation with contemporary urban demands requires innovative approaches and active community involvement to ensure that both heritage and modernity coexist harmoniously. In addition to these challenges, cultural heritage tourism can enhance urban resilience by attracting millions of visitors [43], as seen in cities like Athens and Rome [44]. This tourism contributes to sustainable development by generating revenue and creating jobs. These jobs are essential for maintaining urban infrastructure and services [45]. Effective urban revitalization strategies emphasize community participation, allowing local residents to voice their needs and contribute to heritage preservation [47]. Engaging communities fosters a sense of belonging and strengthens social cohesion, which are vital for the sustainability of urban areas [48]. Despite the potential benefits, challenges such as unplanned urbanization and the digital divide can hinder the successful integration of cultural heritage in urban development [46,47]. Addressing these challenges requires innovative planning and management strategies that prioritize cultural elements alongside economic growth. However, even though the revitalization of urban areas through cultural heritage presents numerous opportunities, it is essential to navigate the complexities of community dynamics and urban planning to achieve sustainable outcomes.

Moreover, heritage-based revitalization strengthens the residents’ sense of belonging and pride, which is particularly important for social integration [49]. The preservation of historical structures also enables sustainable development by adapting them to modern needs. Mohanan [49] highlights that sustainable tourism revitalizes ancient sites. The author emphasizes community involvement, which enhances the residents’ pride and sense of belonging while preserving historical structures for sustainable development and modern adaptation. Lansiwi et al. [50] note that active community involvement in cultural heritage preservation enhances preservation effectiveness, fosters a sense of ownership, and promotes cultural continuity. This aligns with the benefits of cultural tourism and strengthens social integration as well as sustainable development.

The challenge of maintaining the originality of heritage while adapting it to contemporary user requirements is a complex issue in revitalization processes. Adaptive reuse emerges as a key strategy, allowing for the preservation of historical integrity while meeting modern needs. This approach not only conserves cultural heritage but also enhances the functionality of these sites in contemporary contexts [51,52]. The balancing act between protecting historical values and meeting the needs of modern users poses a significant problem in revitalization processes. Adaptive reuse involves transforming heritage buildings for modern functionality, ensuring their historical significance is respected while integrating contemporary amenities [52]. Projects in regions like Jammu and Bundelkhand demonstrate successful adaptive reuse, balancing historical integrity with modern requirements through innovative design solutions [51]. The incorporation of sustainable technologies, such as energy-efficient systems, supports both conservation and modern usability, aligning with urban sustainability goals [52]. Choudhary et al. [51] highlight that a significant challenge in adaptive reuse is balancing the historical integrity of heritage monuments with contemporary needs. This revitalization process requires careful consideration to ensure both preservation and functionality are achieved without compromising original values. Nasrullah and Syafri [52] emphasize that adaptive reuse requires a delicate balance between preservation and modernization, often involving creative design solutions that respect historical integrity while integrating modern amenities, thus addressing the challenge of meeting contemporary user requirements without compromising heritage values. In this context, effective stakeholder engagement is crucial for aligning revitalization projects with community values and needs, ensuring that adaptations are well-received [51]. Understanding the multifaceted demands of users in historic areas, as seen in Foshan, China, can guide adaptive reuse strategies to enhance satisfaction and vitality [53]. However, the costs of revitalizing historic structures can be high, necessitating the identification of appropriate funding sources. Innovative financing models and support from public and private institutions are often required. However, adaptive reuse also encounters challenges. The delicate balance between maintaining authenticity and accommodating contemporary functionality can lead to tensions among stakeholders, necessitating careful planning and execution to ensure that both historical and modern values are upheld. In this regard, it is worth noting the so-called “Blended Finance Framework”, which combines public and private funding to support heritage-led urban regeneration, maximizing investment through collaboration and tailored financing strategies [54]. Also, utilizing tax credits and rehabilitation revolving funds can significantly reduce financial burdens for developers, encouraging the reuse of historic buildings [55]. Community engagement and stakeholder involvement are essential for identifying needs and ensuring the sustainability of revitalization projects [56]. Since cultural heritage is in fact an economic driver, revitalized heritage sites can attract tourism and enhance local economies, creating a compelling case for investment [54]. It is important to note, however, that even though innovative financing and community engagement are vital, challenges remain in aligning diverse interests and ensuring long-term sustainability in heritage projects. Balancing economic viability with cultural preservation continues to be a complex issue in the field. Consequently, revitalization can lead to tensions between new residents and existing communities. The phenomenon of gentrification, which often accompanies revitalization processes, can result in the marginalization of local inhabitants [57,58,59]. Gentrification can improve infrastructure and services but often displaces low-income residents, leading to cultural and economic homogenization [57].

The complexity of procedures related to heritage protection can delay revitalization efforts. Proper management of these regulations is crucial for the effective implementation of revitalization projects. A comprehensive approach that integrates policy development, stakeholder engagement, and flexible criteria is essential for successful implementation of revitalization projects. Establishing a robust policy framework is crucial for heritage protection. This includes creating specialized agencies and ensuring governmental support [60]. In Banyumas Old Town, a protected zone was designated, and local government funding was secured to facilitate revitalization efforts [61]. Thus, institutional stakeholders play a vital role in improving the implementation of building regulations. Their insights can lead to more adaptable criteria that accommodate diverse urban heritage contexts [62]. Municipalities are key custodians of historical monuments, often needing to balance financial constraints with the preservation of cultural heritage [63]. The Urban Transformation Matrix in Eastern Germany exemplifies a decision support tool that promotes discussions on structural alterations while considering heritage aspects [64]. Flexible regulations can streamline procedures, making it easier to navigate the complexities of heritage protection. Conversely, some argue that stringent regulations are necessary to ensure the integrity of heritage sites, potentially stifling innovative revitalization approaches. Balancing protection with revitalization remains a critical challenge in heritage management.

In this context, collaboration between public and private sectors is essential for revitalizing cultural heritage, as it not only provides funding but also technical expertise [54,65,66,67]. Such partnerships effectively support revitalization by engaging private investors in projects focused on cultural heritage, leveraging private investment to alleviate financial burdens on public entities [65]. The involvement of the private sector introduces specialized knowledge and innovative practices, enhancing project outcomes [66]. Successful partnerships often prioritize local community engagement, ensuring that projects reflect cultural values and address social needs [67]. Furthermore, initiatives like cultural heritage finance alliances showcase successful urban heritage regeneration models that utilize blended financing strategies to promote long-term collaboration [54]. Government policies play a crucial role in guiding private investments in cultural activities, demonstrating effective urban regeneration through PPPs [67]. However, while the benefits of PPPs in cultural heritage revitalization are significant, challenges such as resource scarcity and complex decision-making processes can hinder their effectiveness. Addressing these issues is vital for maximizing the potential of such collaborations. Thus, involving local communities in decision-making processes allows actions to be tailored to the residents’ actual needs. Joint initiatives, such as cultural festivals or craft fairs, can rejuvenate neglected neighborhoods. Damanik et al. [68] emphasize that community participation enhances governance by aligning policies with residents’ needs and improving policy quality. Moreover, inclusive planning practices that prioritize transparent decision-making and community feedback are crucial for equitable urban development [69]. Testing initiatives in real urban settings fosters innovative solutions that reflect community needs [70]. Long-term planning must consider cultural, social, economic, and environmental aspects to integrate various elements of revitalization into a coherent development strategy [71,72]. This approach should include sustainable development principles, as highlighted in strategic planning practices within regions like Rostov [71]. Addressing environmental impacts and promoting responsible land management are essential components of this framework [72]. In this regard, educational programs aimed at raising awareness about the value of heritage are crucial. Increasing residents’ knowledge about their local heritage fosters protection and encourages active participation in revitalization processes [73]. For example, collaborative programs between universities and local stakeholders enhance societal well-being and promote cultural heritage protection [73]. Innovative educational approaches, such as gamification demonstrated in UrbanGame activities, effectively raise awareness of cultural heritage among students, fostering emotional connections to local history and improving learning outcomes [74]. Also, community-based participatory research underscores the importance of embedding heritage education in formal curricula to ensure future generations appreciate and protect their cultural legacy [75]. Research across urban studies, anthropology, and sociology provides valuable insights into revitalization processes. For instance, studies indicate positive outcomes from revitalizing historic areas by integrating new socio-economic functions while preserving historical values [76]. Case studies like the adaptive reuse of caravanserais in Iran illustrate how preserving historical structures can stimulate local economies through tourism and commerce [76]. The academic literature includes influential works by authors such as Sharon Zukin and Richard Florida [77] who analyze the impact of culture on urban development and the role of creative classes within urban processes [78]. Overall, the success of heritage-based revitalization depends on balancing the interests of various social groups, securing appropriate funding, and strategic planning. Engaging local communities and developing public–private partnerships are key elements in this process. Ultimately, responsible use of cultural heritage not only contributes to city rejuvenation but also strengthens identity and social cohesion.

2.2. A Methodological Approach to Support Revitalization Strategies

Urban revitalization is a multifaceted process aimed at addressing the challenges of aging infrastructure, economic decline, and social dislocation in urban areas. It necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the existing urban fabric and the potential for transformation. This approach can be categorized into several key aspects that guide effective revitalization efforts. Successful urban revitalization hinges on active community participation, which fosters a sense of ownership and belonging among residents [26]. Strategies such as participatory design and stakeholder involvement are essential for aligning revitalization efforts with community needs [79]. Additionally, incorporating sustainable design principles is crucial for long-term viability. This includes eco-friendly technologies and mixed-use developments that enhance environmental sustainability [79]. Historic sites require a focus on preserving cultural heritage while integrating modern amenities, ensuring that revitalization respects the past [80]. A holistic planning approach is vital, utilizing methodologies like multicriteria decision-making to address complex urban challenges effectively [81]. Identifying specific revitalization strategies—such as preservation, renewal, and interactive architecture—tailored to the unique characteristics of each urban area is essential [82]. While urban revitalization presents numerous opportunities for improvement, it also faces challenges such as financial constraints and policy limitations that can hinder effective implementation. Addressing these barriers is crucial for achieving sustainable urban transformation. The integration of computational models, as seen in Barcelona’s Ciutat Vella, aids public administrations in managing adaptive reuse of buildings, focusing on ecological and digital challenges [83]. Utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and open data sources enhances data collection and processing, optimizing building usage for sustainable urban development [83]. For instance, GIS methods were used in Fort Bema to compare different machine learning algorithms in classifying impervious surfaces [84,85]. A seven-phase evaluation methodology in Rome emphasizes participatory approaches, allowing stakeholders to select the most suitable urban projects based on community needs [86]. Tools like SWOT analysis and econometric techniques facilitate informed decision-making, ensuring that revitalization projects align with local contexts [86,87,88,89]. SWOT analysis helps identify internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats, crucial for framing strategic goals in urban regeneration projects [87]. The combination of SWOT with CAME (Corrective Action Management Evaluation) methodology allows for a nuanced diagnosis of vulnerable areas, leading to targeted regeneration measures [88]. Econometric techniques provide quantitative analysis that supports decision-making by evaluating the impact of various revitalization strategies on local economies and communities [90,91]. Integrating local resident opinions with expert insights ensures that revitalization strategies resonate with community needs, fostering sustainable development [90]. In terms of stakeholder dynamics, the role of local stakeholders and existing networks is critical in shaping revitalization strategies, as seen in the case studies of declining cities [92]. Revitalization efforts must respect local cultural identities and community behaviors to be effective, as demonstrated in the Huangpu Village case [90]. While these tools provide a structured approach to decision-making, it is essential to recognize that local dynamics and community engagement are equally vital for the success of revitalization projects. Balancing quantitative analysis with qualitative insights can lead to more holistic and effective outcomes.

Revitalization strategies must adhere to the social-cultural language of the area, incorporating preservation, renewal, and interactive architecture to enhance community engagement [82]. A holistic perspective, considering history, economy, and governance, provides a comprehensive roadmap for the sustainable management of historic cities [80]. While these methodologies emphasize structured approaches, some argue that overly rigid frameworks may stifle creativity and adaptability in dynamic urban environments. Thus, balancing structure with flexibility is crucial for successful revitalization efforts. By systematically assessing current conditions, engaging local communities, and setting clear goals, revitalization efforts can be tailored to meet both contemporary needs and preservation objectives [93,94,95]. This is particularly important for preserving heritage integrity while promoting economic development and social cohesion.

With regard to PPPs, they have been increasingly recognized as effective vehicles for renewal projects, with their potential to mobilize resources, expertise, and risk-sharing arrangements across the public and private sectors [96]. In this context, Herath et al. [97] point out that PPPs act as an important collaboration mechanism for the purpose of promoting sustainable development by merging resources, skills, and sharing risks between the public and private sector. With effective governance and stakeholder engagement, PPPs can be a force in the speeding up of the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The authors discuss selected case studies that have applied PPP in revitalization initiatives meeting all the requirements of the legal and ethical framework to make sure that such projects will be effective for furthering sustainability. This collaborative approach not only improves project efficiency but also enhances effectiveness, making it a favored strategy for both urban and revitalization efforts [98]. The benefits of PPPs primarily arise from their capacity to optimize resources. By merging public funding with private investment and expertise, they enable a more efficient use of financial and human resources [99,100]. Additionally, the participation of private entities introduces specialized knowledge and innovative solutions that are essential for successfully managing complex revitalization initiatives [34,96,98,99]. When it comes to risk-sharing, distributing risks among public and private partners can help reduce the likelihood of project failures and improve overall sustainability [96,101]. However, despite these advantages, PPPs can encounter challenges such as a lack of transparency and insufficient understanding of best practices, which may result in contentious outcomes [96]. To ensure accountability and effective collaboration, a clear legal framework is vital for defining the roles and responsibilities of each partner [100,101]. While PPPs present considerable advantages for revitalization projects, it is important to address the challenges associated with their implementation in order to fully leverage their potential.

Table 1. Elements of the methodological framework for revitalizing historical areas.

Methodological Element	Activity Description
Comprehensive Urban Diagnosis The first step involves a SWOT analysis to dissect the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with the area.	-Evaluate physical assets such as historical buildings, green spaces, and infrastructure. -Assess socio-economic conditions by looking at employment rates, demographic trends, and community cohesion. -Identify cultural capital, including local traditions, arts, and heritage, which can be leveraged for revitalization.
Stakeholder Engagement Revitalization strategies must be community-driven to ensure they reflect the needs and aspirations of local inhabitants.	-Public consultations and workshops to gather input from residents, businesses, and local organizations. -Establishing community advisory boards to involve diverse voices in decision-making processes. -Engaging with local governance to align strategies with municipal plans and regulations.
Strategic Planning and Visioning With data from the diagnosis and stakeholder insights, a strategic plan should be crafted.	-Vision development that encapsulates the future identity of the area, balancing growth with heritage preservation. -Scenario planning to explore different future possibilities under various conditions (economic, environmental, etc.). -Setting clear, measurable objectives that address identified weaknesses and capitalize on strengths.
Implementation Framework A structured approach to executing the revitalization plan through phased actions and partnerships.	-Phased development plans to manage resources and mitigate risks, ensuring each phase builds on the success of the previous one. -Partnership models like PPPs for funding, expertise, and sustainability. -Adaptive reuse strategies for existing structures, promoting cultural and economic activities while preserving historical value.
Monitoring and Evaluation To ensure the revitalization strategy remains on track, a robust system of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) must be established. This system will facilitate the ongoing assessment of progress and impact, enabling timely adjustments to the strategy as necessary.	-Performance indicators should be established to measure progress against goals. -Regular impact assessments to understand social, economic, and environmental effects. -Feedback loops for continuous improvement, allowing strategies to evolve with community needs and global trends.
Capacity Building and Education Long-term success hinges on effective capacity building and education initiatives that empower local communities to engage actively in the revitalization processes of historical areas.	-Educating local entrepreneurs and residents about sustainable practices and new economic opportunities. -Skill development programs to prepare the workforce for new industries or enhanced roles in the revitalized area.

Source: own elaboration.

below presents a reconstruction of the methodological framework that guided the development of design strategies for the revitalization of Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex (and can serve as a model for any culture-heritage-based revitalization project), beginning with a comprehensive SWOT analysis. This structured approach highlights key elements and essential steps necessary for successful revitalization initiatives, ensuring that both heritage preservation and modern needs are addressed effectively.

A methodological approach to urban revitalization combines rigorous analysis with inclusive planning. It recognizes that cities are dynamic entities where change must be carefully managed to preserve identity while fostering growth. By engaging all stakeholders, setting a clear vision, and continually evaluating progress, cities can turn challenges into opportunities for vibrant, resilient urban life. This approach not only revitalizes physical spaces but also rejuvenates the social and cultural life of communities, ensuring that revitalization is truly sustainable.

2.3. The Area of Study

2.3.1. Location of the Investigated Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex

The Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex, the focus of this study, covers an area of 1.48 million square meters and is located in the northwestern part of Warsaw along Obrońców Tobruku Street and Księcia Bolesława Street. It includes a beautiful park, greenery, residential areas, the moat, the fortifications of Fort Bema itself, and sports facilities such as two football pitches. The research is based on an analysis of urban development initiatives and historical documents that highlight the transformations that took place in this area. Geographically, the Fort Bema complex is located on the edge of the Vistula Basin and the Bemowo Forest (52°14′–16′ N and 20°55′–57′ E) [see Figure 1].

The revitalization (reclaiming) of this post-military land together with the construction of the housing estate was completed in 2009. The flats, which are part of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex, are one of the pearls on the map of residential buildings in Warsaw. The buildings are equipped to a high standard, some of them have large terraces or gardens bordering on the park itself so that the residents can feel at home right next to the forest [34]. The buildings are between 4 and 6 storeys high and there are many small shops and services in the development [102].

2.3.2. Historical Context

Fort Bema, previously known as Fort “P”, is part of the inner ring of the Warsaw Fortress (see Figure 2), built between 1886 and 1890.

Its name derives from the adjacent settlement of Parysów (hence Fort “P”), and its strategic location was deliberately placed away from the existing boundaries of Warsaw, thus facilitating convenient access to railway networks and enhancing the defensive capabilities of the neighboring regions. Constructed near Powązki, it features an earthen-brick structure with a lunette layout, a trapezoidal storage area, and a wet moat—a feature that was quite uncommon in Warsaw at the time. The fort has two ramparts: the inner for artillery and the outer for infantry, with traverses enhancing visibility. Although based on a typical 1879 design, its unique moat and ramparts distinguish it from other fortifications. After World War I, it was renamed Fort Bema as part of Polish efforts to replace remnants of the Russian army. From 1924 to 1939, it served as an ammunition production workshop. During World War II, it functioned as a German armament depot but survived intact, later becoming a prisoner-of-war camp. Following the war, it was utilized by the Polish Army until 1978 when it supported the Warsaw-Babice military airport. In the late 20th century, the area fell into disrepair until it was transferred to the Bemowo District Office in 1999 for revitalization. Throughout its history, Fort Bema has served various military purposes and has undergone transformations during both World Wars. After World War I, it was renamed Fort Bema and became part of Poland’s military infrastructure. Over the years, the site has served as both an ammunition production and storage facility, demonstrating its adaptability to changing military needs.

Revitalization efforts began with cleaning and adaptation works, leading to its registration as a historical monument in 2008 [103]. Today, Fort Bema is one of Warsaw’s best-preserved forts, surrounded by recreational spaces that include walking paths and sports facilities. While access to the fort is restricted, its historical significance remains vital to Warsaw’s military architecture. The revitalization of Fort Bema represents a significant step towards protecting cultural heritage while integrating this historic site into modern urban life. The transformation efforts have enhanced accessibility and created a popular leisure destination for residents of Bemowo. However, despite various initiatives to utilize the fort’s interiors for community purposes, many have not succeeded, leaving the interiors at risk of degradation [103].

Understanding Fort Bema’s historical importance as part of the Warsaw Fortress is crucial for its revitalization process. The fort has evolved alongside military and civilian needs and now serves as a valuable resource for the local community, inspiring further efforts to protect and revitalize other historical sites in Warsaw. As Bemowo develops into a modern district, Fort Bema has the potential to become a central hub for culture and recreation, bridging its rich past with future possibilities.

2.3.3. Description of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex Case Study

The development of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex is one of the important parts of the wider revitalization plan for Warsaw, aiming at the restoration of areas of historic value with improvement in the quality of life for residents. This project is aligned with the general revitalization plan of the city, including various spatial, social, and economic aspects. Fort Bema, as a site rich in history, not only symbolizes Warsaw’s military heritage but also represents an important element of local identity [104,105]. In this context, Zaraś-Januszkiewicz et al. [105] discuss the Warsaw Fortress as a significant element of the city’s cultural landscape, highlighting its historical value and role in shaping local identity through military tourism and recreation. The revitalization of the Fort Bema complex aimed at the protection of cultural heritage while altering the space in accordance with modern needs [103]. It introduced the idea of creating social spaces that facilitate cohesion and cultural interactions within the society. It has the potential to become a meeting place, function as a cultural venue, or serve as a space for recreation, thus diversifying this part of the urban area [34,98].

It is important to highlight that the creation of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex required a thoughtful urban approach [34,102]. The increased demand for housing, coupled with the need to revitalize run-down neighborhoods, makes this one of the most important case studies for future undertakings in urban planning and spatial management. As part of the revitalization of Fort Bema, numerous activities were undertaken to improve the living conditions of residents while preserving the cultural heritage, including the creation of a large 148-hectare urban park to increase the amount of green space in the settlement. An amendment to the urban spatial development plan allowed the entire area to be treated as a single unit, making it possible to increase the number of apartments (exceeding the total usable floor space of 200,000 m²). This administrative and legal improvement laid the groundwork for a more comprehensive redevelopment process and set an example for similar projects. In addition, revitalization activities included the removal of a nuisance engine testing facility from Warsaw, which significantly improved the quality of life for residents. The restoration of the historic Fort Bema and the complete modernization of the Military Aviation Works No. 4 helped preserve cultural heritage while modernizing infrastructure. This initiative included the conversion of an old hangar into a sports hall and the introduction of kayak and pedal boat rentals on the fort’s moat, demonstrating active community involvement in the revitalization process.

The example of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex shows how adaptive reuse can be used to enhance community spaces while respecting historic significance. Fort Bema is one of the best examples of a well-preserved fortification in Warsaw, and its restoration provides valuable insight into the process of transforming historic places into meaningful community assets. In recent decades, Fort Bema has been redeveloped as part of the broader urban development plans for the Bemowo district of Warsaw, including the development of the area around the fort into a public park while preserving its historical significance [34]. The fort’s unique architecture and well-preserved condition make it an essential element of Warsaw’s military history and a highly attractive site for community engagement [102].

The revitalization of post-military or post-industrial areas is among the essential tasks of urban renewal because the mentioned areas are very often neglected and require special treatment [106]. One may find numerous exemplary cases of transforming abandoned industrial zones into multifunctional areas, such as eco-technoparks and creative clusters, that provide space for entrepreneurship and incubation of innovations [107]. The incorporation of cultural heritage into revitalization efforts enhances social cohesion and economic viability, as it fosters a sense of identity and belonging among residents [106]. Warsaw’s revitalization plans focus on areas requiring special support, such as district centers and post-industrial and/or post-military sites [108]. Fort Bema was selected as one of the key areas for revitalization under the Local Simplified Revitalization Program (LUPR) for 2005–2013 [109]. Specifically, this program outlined projects aimed at improving infrastructure and increasing access to green spaces. It also addressed urban degradation and improved the quality of life of residents [109]. The goals of the Fort Bema revitalization included not only the restoration of historic buildings, but also the creation of modern recreational and cultural spaces. The project included the following:

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Improving accessibility, i.e., improving transportation and infrastructure around the fort to facilitate access for residents and tourists.

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Social revitalization, i.e., organizing cultural and educational events that attract residents and strengthen community ties.

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Sustainable development, i.e., integrating revitalization efforts with sustainable development principles, including environmental protection and promotion of green infrastructure.

It is worth noting that Warsaw faces many development challenges that hinder the successful implementation of revitalization strategies. The most visible include underutilized central areas and neighborhood centers [110], lack of land covered by local plans [34,111], poor quality of housing stock [112], low quality of public spaces [111], and decline of street greenery [113]. Socially, significant barriers to development include adverse demographic trends, unemployment, problems related to crime, problems related to drug addiction, especially among youth, low levels of community involvement in local development activities, and business operations [114]. In this context, Van Nguyen et al. [115] acknowledge that social barriers such as lack of community participation and negative socio-economic conditions are key challenges to sustainable regeneration of urban areas, which in turn have an impact on both the renovation of old buildings and the general living conditions of residents. The accumulation of social problems in small areas can lead to urban decay and a decline in living standards. To address this, the development of Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex was implemented through a two-tiered strategic approach at both the municipal and district levels. The goal was to regenerate areas that had lost their previous functions, promoting sustainable development along the Vistula River. Two LUPR support areas were identified in Warsaw, encompassing five districts: urban areas in Śródmieście, Wola, Praga Północ, and Praga Południe, as well as a post-military area in Bemowo at Fort Bema. The Local Simplified Revitalization Program outlined 26 projects for 2004–2006, with 22 initiated by the City of Warsaw and four by external beneficiaries [108,109]. This revitalization not only preserved Warsaw’s cultural heritage but also improved residents’ quality of life. The Fort was envisioned as a hub for community engagement, recreation, and learning within the Urban Renewal Project framework, aligning with the vision of a modern and sustainable capital city. Crucially, the project involved various stakeholders and effectively utilized European Union funds [108,109].

3. Results

3.1. SWOT Analysis

Following the successful implementation of the Fort Bema revitalization project, it is essential to analyze its effectiveness and sustainability within the broader context of urban renewal in Warsaw. This analysis will provide insights into the challenges faced and the strategies employed to overcome them, ultimately contributing to a deeper understanding of urban revitalization processes. In this context, one of the other most important tools used in revitalization research is the SWOT analysis [87,116]. This analytical framework helps to diagnose situations before undertaking revitalization activities by identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with particular projects. It provides a structured way to evaluate possible challenges and benefits for better planning.

Table 2. SWOT analysis for the revitalization of Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex revitalization project.

Strengths	Weaknesses
-Well-preserved historical structure, making it unique among Warsaw’s forts. -Strong community interest in preserving cultural heritage. -Established recreational area with walking paths and sports facilities. -Potential for adaptive reuse of existing structures (e.g., cafes, galleries). -Strategic location near residential neighborhoods, enhancing accessibility.	-The interiors of the Fort Bema historical fortifications remain undeveloped and inaccessible to visitors. -Existing buildings are neglected and deteriorating. -Limited funding and resources for comprehensive revitalization efforts. -Presence of graffiti and vandalism affecting the fort’s esthetics. -Environmental degradation due to urban pressures and neglect.
Opportunities	Threats
-Development of a cohesive green space integrating historical and modern elements. -Potential to attract tourism and increase local economic activity through events and activities. -Collaboration with local artists for cultural events, enhancing community engagement. -Creation of community spaces that promote social interaction and recreation. -Opportunities for public–private partnerships to fund revitalization projects.	-Risk of overdevelopment by private investors, compromising historical integrity. -Competition from new developments in the area that may overshadow the fort’s significance. -Changing urban policies that may not favor preservation efforts. -Ongoing maintenance challenges due to limited budget allocations. -Potential loss of historical elements if not carefully managed during revitalization.

Source: own elaboration.

provides a SWOT analysis for the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex Revitalization project.

The Fort Bema Revitalization SWOT analysis highlights both the opportunities and challenges associated with this significant revitalization project. The strengths identified, such as the well-preserved historic structure and strong community interest, provided a solid foundation for the revitalization effort. However, the weaknesses, including neglected interior spaces and limited funding, underscored the need for careful planning and resource allocation. In addition, the opportunities identified in the analysis pointed to a promising path forward, particularly through the development of cohesive green spaces and the potential to attract tourism. These aspects not only increased the attractiveness of the area but also contributed to local economic activity. On the other hand, the threats highlighted the need for vigilance in monitoring the pressures of urban development while preserving the historic integrity of the revitalization process. This detailed SWOT analysis can be seen as a critical tool to guide action, given that the revitalization efforts of Fort Bema were in tandem with the broader goals of urban renewal.

3.2. Private–Public Partnership in the Revitalization Project of Fort Bema

The revitalization of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex (i.e., the Parkowo-Leśne Housing Estate and the Osmańczyka Street Housing Estate) serves as an example of an effective PPP that played a crucial role in the implementation of this ambitious project. This partnership, initiated by the Bemowo Municipality and state-owned companies, such as the Military Aviation Works No. 4 (WZL-4) and private companies, aimed not only to activate degraded areas but also to revitalize them comprehensively. Revitalization efforts should be implemented through PPP mechanisms because of the numerous advantages they bring to increasing project efficiency and effectiveness [99]. First, PPPs leverage the comparative advantages of both sectors: the public sector brings regulatory frameworks, land access, and community involvement, while the private sector provides financing, innovation, and operational expertise. This combination leads to better decision-making and fewer bureaucratic obstacles, which translates into faster project completion. In addition, PPPs promote shared risk and responsibility, which can lead to more sustainable financial outcomes and resource allocation. By fostering collaboration between public and private entities, these partnerships also enhance community involvement in the planning stages, ensuring that projects are aligned with local needs and priorities. In addition, experience to date shows that projects delivered under PPP frameworks often deliver higher quality outcomes, an example of which is the revitalization of Fort Bema and the implementation of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex project, where effective management and innovative approaches resulted in significant improvements to infrastructure and community amenities. Overall, using a PPP model for revitalization projects not only accelerates development but also helps create more resilient and sustainable urban environments. In the context of the Fort Bema revitalization project in Warsaw, these principles resonate strongly. The successful partnership between the Bemowo Municipality and private entities exemplifies how effective collaboration can lead to significant urban transformation. The creation of a special purpose vehicle facilitated efficient management and coordination of the complex investment process for 148 hectares of reclaimed land [98,102]. This model not only optimized resource allocation but also ensured that the revitalization efforts addressed local community needs while enhancing safety through infrastructure improvements such as the elimination of dangerous railway crossings. Moreover, the project’s recognition through various awards underscores the effectiveness of this partnership approach in delivering high-quality outcomes [34]. By integrating innovative management practices developed through international collaboration (e.g., LEONARDO DA VINCI EU programme), the Fort Bema project showcases how PPPs can foster knowledge exchange and capacity building among stakeholders. Ultimately, the Fort Bema case illustrates that while challenges exist within PPP frameworks, their potential to drive successful revitalization initiatives is substantial when supported by a robust legal framework and a commitment to transparency and community engagement.

The Fort Bema revitalization project used an innovative approach to investment management based on public–private cooperation. A special purpose company (KR-WZLN) was established to coordinate the entire investment process. This management model ensured efficiency and full control at every stage of the project’s implementation, which was critical to its success. The public–private partnership helped streamline the entire project process by simplifying and accelerating administrative procedures. Collaboration with local authorities and government institutions enabled rapid decision-making and the elimination of unnecessary bureaucratic barriers. This approach allowed for efficient use of resources and time, which is particularly important given the complexity of urban projects. The revitalization of Fort Bema included not only the construction of new housing developments but also the modernization of existing infrastructure and the improvement of the quality of life for residents. Thanks to the partnership, a number of actions were implemented, such as cleaning up 68 hectares of degraded military land, building new infrastructure, and eliminating dangerous railroad crossings. These actions significantly improved the safety and comfort of Bemowo residents.

Furthermore, the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex project is an example of an innovative approach to public–private partnership financing. In this cooperation, a substitute investor entered into a notarized agreement with the WZL-4 military enterprise, which included a state treasury guarantee. In particular, this agreement ensured that none of the land involved in the investment was encumbered by a mortgage. To facilitate the project, it was necessary to exclude the area of WZL-4 from the zoning plan, which required the approval of the City Council and the Department of Spatial Planning. During the bidding process for the construction of the jet engine test facility, WZL-4 was responsible for repaying the debt from a foreign loan but faced a shortfall of 20% of the project value needed to proceed with construction works. In response, the private partner (also known as. as substitute investor) proposed an arrangement whereby 20% of each invoice for construction would not be paid by WZL-4 but would instead constitute its own equity contribution. This arrangement allowed WZL-4 to repay its debt to the substitute investor from revenues generated by the residential portion of the overall investment. This model can be regarded as a blended financing framework as it strategically combines public guarantees with private investment commitments to address funding gaps and enhance project viability during a period when traditional bank financing was difficult to secure. Such hybrid arrangements were particularly relevant during 2002–2009 when securing bank financing was difficult. As a result, various forms of hybrid arrangements—such as mutual exchanges and payments from assets—became increasingly common. This model not only demonstrates how parties can mutually offset their obligations but also reflects a strategic approach to financing that leverages collaboration between the public and private sectors to achieve sustainable urban regeneration.

Table 3. Key aspects of the public–private partnership in the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex Revitalization Project.

Aspect	Description
Initiative and Coordination	The project was initiated by the Bemowo Municipality and state-owned enterprises such as Military Aviation Works No. 4 (WZL-4) and private development companies. The establishment of the special purpose vehicle KR-WZLN ensured effective management of the project at every stage.
Streamlining Administrative Processes	The public–private partnership contributed to simplifying administrative procedures, allowing for quicker decision-making and the elimination of unnecessary bureaucratic barriers, which increased the overall efficiency of the investment process.
Sustainable Development	The project considered ecological aspects by revitalizing the natural environment of the degraded area and increasing biologically active surfaces, contributing to improved esthetics and biodiversity.
Community Engagement	The partnership enabled local community involvement in decision-making processes, which led to greater acceptance of the project by residents and improved quality of life.
Innovative Approach to Investment Management	Innovative management methods based on collaboration with universities allowed for the implementation of best practices in construction project management.
Infrastructure Modernization	The project included significant upgrades to existing infrastructure, such as replacing worn-out facilities, improving transportation links, and enhancing public transport accessibility, which collectively improved residents’ quality of life.
Blended Financing Strategy	This strategy involved combining public guarantees with private investment commitments, allowing WZL-4 to use revenues from the residential component to offset its debt obligations while facilitating the construction of a jet engine test facility. This approach was particularly relevant during a time when traditional bank financing was challenging to secure.
Safety Improvements	The elimination of dangerous railway crossings and construction of new transport solutions, such as flyovers, significantly enhanced safety for local residents and reduced accident risks.
Recognition and Awards	The project received multiple awards for its innovative approach and successful execution, including “Construction of the Year” accolades and recognition from various engineering associations, highlighting its excellence in management and execution.

Source: own elaboration.

below presents the key aspects of the PPP in the revitalization project that played an essential role in the implementation of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex. This table serves as a reference point for further discussion of the importance of public–private cooperation in the context of urban planning and the efficiency of investment processes.

Table 3 presents key aspects of the public–private partnership in the Fort Bema Revitalization Project, which had a significant impact on the construction of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex. Collaboration between the public and private sectors not only streamlined administrative processes but also promoted sustainable development, community engagement, innovative approaches to investment management, infrastructure upgrades, safety improvements, and recognition through awards [98]. These elements provide a foundation for effective revitalization efforts and can inspire future urban projects. Overall, the public–private partnership in the Fort Bema revitalization project proved to be a key element in the success of this investment. It enabled effective management of the investment process and accelerated urban planning activities. Thanks to a flexible approach and cooperation between the public and private sectors, significant results were achieved that can serve as a model for future revitalization projects in Poland and around the world [34,102].

3.3. Overview of the Revitalization Activities

Table 4. Summary of revitalization initiatives and developments in the construction of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex.

Element of Revitalization	Description of Actions
(1) Parkowo-Leśne Estate	-Construction of 1637 residential units with a total usable area of 118,255.97 m2 and a volume of 669,982.73 m3. -Creation of 1604 parking spaces in underground garages and a multi-level parking facility with 496 spaces. -Development of pedestrian paths and a playground covering an area of 5459 m2. -Planting of 114 trees and 500 shrubs, all of which successfully acclimatized.
(2) Estate on Osmańczyka Street	-Construction of residential buildings in an area of 11.7 hectares with over 100,000 m2 of residential space and buildings with a volume of approximately 548,000 m3. -Development of sanitary and water supply infrastructure, crucial for ensuring adequate living conditions for residents.
(3) Public Investments	-Implementation of expressway projects S7 and S8, considering the interests of local residents and military facilities.
3.1 Expressways S7 and S8	-Obtaining location decisions for expressway S8 while ensuring the interests of Military Aviation Works No. 4 and residents were taken into account; construction of noise barriers along the facility’s perimeter.
3.2 Sports Facilities	-Establishment of various sports facilities that enhanced recreational offerings for residents (specific details about these facilities were not provided in the documents).
3.3 Infrastructure	-Construction of modern road infrastructure and utility networks (water supply, sewage systems, energy), essential for providing residents with convenient access to necessary services.
(4) Fort Bema	-Comprehensive modernization that included restoration of existing structures and landscaping green spaces around the fort, making it an attractive recreational area for residents.
(5) Comprehensive Modernization of WZL-4	-Construction of a new engine testing facility and modernization of existing buildings at Military Aviation Works No. 4 to enhance production efficiency.
(6) Activities by Private Companies	-Private companies acted as replacement investors in many revitalization projects, coordinating construction activities and negotiating with local authorities to ensure efficient project execution.

Source: own elaboration.

provides a detailed overview of the revitalization activities carried out in the areas surrounding the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex, including the Parkowo-Leśne Estate and the Estate on Osmańczyka Street. Each of the listed elements is important for assessing the scope and effectiveness of the actions taken.

More specifically, Table 4 above illustrates the variety of actions taken as part of the revitalization efforts in the areas surrounding Fort Bema and nearby estates and emphasizes their importance in improving the quality of life for residents and protecting the natural environment. Each element plays a critical role in the overall process of revitalizing these areas. The revitalization of Fort Bema is a critical process aimed at transforming this area into a space that is friendly to residents while preserving historic and natural elements.

Figure 3 provides a comprehensive illustration that enhances the understanding of the revitalization of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex. It depicts 13 different elements that are integral to the project, highlighting how each component contributes to the overall success of the revitalization effort. Together, these elements create a synergistic effect that is critical to improving the quality of life in this part of Warsaw. By visualizing these facilities and structures, Figure 3 underscores the importance of an integrated approach to urban development where each aspect works in harmony to create a cohesive and vibrant community.

In the Fort Bema revitalization process, understanding the synergy between the various project elements is critical to success. Each of these components, from the fortifications to the recreational infrastructure, contributes to creating a space that integrates historic values with modern community needs. The common denominator of these efforts is the goal of improving the quality of life for residents while protecting the natural environment, ultimately leading to sustainable development in the area.

Table 5. Key elements of the Fort Bema revitalization project and its contribution to sustainable urban development.

Project Elements	Description
Fortifications of Fort Bema (1)	The Fort Bema fortifications serve as a reference point for revitalization, combining historical values with the current needs of the community. The objectives of the revitalization include the protection of the cultural heritage, the creation of spaces for social interaction and leisure.
“Parkowo-Leśne” Housing Estate (2)	The development of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex, surrounded by greenery, stands out as one of the best examples of integrating buildings into the natural environment, promoting healthy living and increasing biodiversity.
Location of the Estate on Osmańczyka Street (3)	The complex, located on Osmańczyka Street, has been designed to integrate with its natural surroundings, positively impacting the quality of life of residents and providing space for local community events.
Moat and Water Bike Dock (4)	The revitalization of the moat and the creation of a dock for water bikes represents an innovative approach to the use of urban waterways, encouraging active recreation and promoting tourism.
Elements of Small Architecture and Playground (5)	The introduction of small architectural elements, such as playgrounds or benches, significantly improves the quality of public space and promotes social integration.
Bicycle and Walking Paths (6)	The expansion of bicycle and pedestrian paths is essential to promote physical activity and reduce vehicular traffic in the area, facilitating residents’ mobility within the development and access to other parts of the city.
Sports Facilities: BOPN, OSiR (7)	The construction of sports facilities such as BOPN or OSiR is essential for the development of the local sports infrastructure, offering residents the opportunity to participate in various sports disciplines while hosting cultural and sporting events.
Planted Trees and Shrubs (8)	The program of planting 500 trees and shrubs not only enhanced the beauty of the area, but also increased biodiversity, improved air quality, and thus practiced sustainable forest management.
Modernized WZL-4 Facilities (9)	The improvement of WZL-4 facilities is an important step in the redevelopment of industrial areas to accommodate new social and residential functions, creating more job opportunities and increasing the attractiveness of regional investment.
Parking for 1600 Vehicles (10)	The construction of a 1600-space parking facility is significant in improving the transportation infrastructure in the area, providing residents with convenient parking options while alleviating road congestion.
Water-Sanitary Installations (11)	Newly constructed water and sewerage facilities are critical to ensuring the comfort of residents and protecting the environment, which affects public health and living standards.
Service Facilities (12)	The establishment of service facilities, such as shops or eateries, increases residents’ access to services, while promoting local economic development and community integration through shared experiences in local establishments.
S7 and S8 Routes (13)	The S7 and S8 lines adjacent to the revitalized areas are essential for regional connectivity, emphasizing the role of transportation in urban development as part of a broader, city-sponsored revitalization project.

Source: own elaboration.

provides a detailed overview of the key elements involved in the revitalization of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex to better understand the multifaceted nature of the project. This figure illustrates how 13 different components work together to create a synergistic effect that is critical to the overall success of the revitalization effort. By examining these elements and their contributions, one can appreciate the comprehensive approach taken to improve both the environmental and social aspects of the area, ultimately fostering a vibrant community environment.

Together, these key elements (from Table 5) form a cohesive approach to the revitalization of Fort Bema that not only enhances the quality of life for its residents but also supports sustainable growth in the region. The revitalization of Fort Bema and the creation of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex is an example of a successful urban redevelopment project that integrates historic preservation with modern housing needs. This initiative not only transformed a blighted military site into a vibrant community but also serves as a model for similar projects. The following

Table 6. Key components and accomplishments of the revitalization project.

Component	Description
Municipal Park Creation	Development of a 148-hectare park, enhancing green space and biodiversity in the urban setting.
Relocation of Military Aviation Works WZL-4	Moving the noisy WZL-4 outside the city limits, improving local living conditions and allowing the facility to continue producing parts for Boeing. This strategic move not only alleviated noise pollution in the residential areas but also enabled the military aviation facility to operate more effectively in a less congested environment, thus enhancing both its operational capabilities and community relations.
Historical Revitalization	Restoration of Fort Bema and its moat, preserving cultural heritage while making it accessible to the public.
Sports Facility Modernization	Conversion of an old hangar into a sports hall with a full-size football pitch and retail space.
Community Engagement Initiatives	Introduction of kayak and pedal boat rentals on the moat as part of a citizen-driven project.
Urban Planning Adjustments	Modification of land use regulations to allow for higher density housing while maintaining green spaces.

Source: own elaboration.

and

Table 7. Revitalization process stages and key activities.

Stage	Key Activities
Feasibility Studies	Conducting opportunity studies to assess investment viability and environmental impact.
Project Management Structure	Establishing a dedicated project management team led by experienced professionals in urban development.
Stakeholder Engagement	Collaborating with public authorities, private investors, and community members throughout the process.
Regulatory Compliance	Ensuring adherence to local urban planning laws, environmental regulations, and heritage conservation standards.
Infrastructure Development	Upgrading outdated infrastructure to support new residential areas and enhance connectivity within the community.
Commissioning	Finalizing construction activities and ensuring that all systems are operational before handing over the facility for use.
Operation Phase	Managing and maintaining the revitalized area, monitoring performance, and ensuring ongoing community engagement and satisfaction.

Source: own elaboration.

summarize key aspects of the project and highlight its unique features, providing insights into methods and outcomes relevant to urban revitalization efforts.

The revitalization process stages and key activities (from construction management standpoint) necessary to ensure a successful revitalization process at Fort Bema are outlined in Table 7 below.

The revitalization process stages and key activities presented in Table 7 serve as a critical reference for the Fort Bema revitalization, ensuring a systematic and effective approach to the project. Each step, from feasibility studies to stakeholder engagement, commissioning, and the operation phase, is critical in addressing the unique challenges and opportunities presented by the site. Conducting detailed feasibility studies to assess the investment potential and understand the environmental impacts is particularly important due to the high ecological value of the region. In this regard, developing a robust project management framework and ensuring consistent stakeholder engagement throughout the revitalization effort helped foster collaboration among government agencies, private investors, and community stakeholders. The collaborative methodology not only improved transparency but also ensured the inclusion of diverse perspectives, resulting in more sustainable outcomes. Adherence to regulatory standards was essential to maintaining the historic integrity of Fort Bema while modernizing the infrastructure to meet contemporary needs. By adhering to local urban planning laws and preservation standards, the revitalization effort successfully blended historic preservation with contemporary urban development, ultimately enriching both the ecological and cultural landscape of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex.

Importantly, the revitalization of Fort Bema highlights several essential aspects of successful urban redevelopment projects. Evidence of cohesive planning can be seen in the combination of green spaces, residential areas, and recreational facilities that together create a balanced atmosphere that meets the diverse needs of the community. In these cases, public–private partnerships are paramount, as effective collaboration between public agencies and private developers is critical to overcoming regulatory barriers and securing the necessary financing. In addition, community involvement in decision-making processes that affect local residents helps to create a sense of ownership and ensures that developments serve the needs of the local community. In this way, by incorporating ecological concepts into urban design, this approach not only helps to improve environmental quality but also ensures the long-term sustainability of metropolitan areas. With these elements and approaches in mind, other communities can draw insightful lessons from the Fort Bema initiative and implement similar strategies in their revitalization efforts to build sustainable and dynamic communities.

To further understand the impact of these revitalization efforts, Figure 4 presents the internal migration data for Bemowo, including registrations, deregistrations, and net migration from 2002 to 2023. This figure is essential for assessing the revitalization of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex as it serves as a proxy indicator for understanding demographic changes in Bemowo during the critical period of revitalization efforts, particularly from 2002 to 2009, when significant developments in residential housing were realized. By analyzing these migration trends, valuable insights can be gained into how the revitalization of Fort Bema has influenced the area’s attractiveness for new residents, thereby contributing to a comprehensive evaluation of the project’s impact on local community dynamics.

The data for Bemowo indicates significant trends in internal migrations, particularly in the context of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex, which occupies less than 10% of the total area of Bemowo (whose size is estimated to be around 24.95 km² or about 2495 hectares). However, it is noteworthy that in terms of usable floor space (PUM), this percentage is considerably higher. The construction of this complex had a significant impact on the demographic data for Bemowo during the period of its development, especially from 2002 to 2009, when over 200,000 square meters of PUM were realized as part of the revitalization project. The apartments were delivered continuously year after year, contributing to a steady influx of residents. While analyzing the internal migration data from 2002 to 2009, one can observe trends that may serve as proxy indicators for assessing the attractiveness of Bemowo in terms of revitalization efforts. This is particularly relevant given that this period coincided with the completion of many new housing units in the Fort Bema complex. Although caution should be exercised when interpreting these data as proxies, they provide valuable insights into the area’s demographic changes. From 2002 to 2009, there was a notable increase in registrations for internal migrations, peaking in 2006 with 2431 registrations and a net migration of 1257. This surge can be attributed to the introduction of new residential options that attracted more residents to Bemowo. The data indicate positive net migration during these years, suggesting that the revitalization efforts were successful in making Bemowo an appealing location for new residents. However, after 2009, the internal migration figures show fluctuations and even negative net migration starting from 2020 onwards. This decline may reflect broader economic factors or changes in housing demand that could be associated with market saturation or shifts in demographic preferences.

To illustrate the successful outcomes of these revitalization efforts, Figure A1, Figure A2, Figure A3, Figure A4, Figure A5, Figure A6, Figure A7, Figure A8, Figure A9 and Figure A10 in Appendix A provide photographic documentation related to the revitalization of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex, highlighting various aspects of the project and its impact on the area. Each figure serves as a visual testament to the transformation and revitalization efforts undertaken, highlighting both the historical significance and contemporary developments within this unique urban space.

4. Discussion

The revitalization of Fort Bema and the creation of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex in Warsaw is an example of a comprehensive approach to urban transformation, combining the preservation of cultural heritage with modern urban solutions. The project involved the revitalization of 148 hectares, which included the construction of the “Parkowo-Leśne” housing estate and the Osmańczyka Street estate, as well as the modernization of WZL-4 facilities and the creation of new infrastructure. This comprehensive approach encompasses various strategic actions aimed at enhancing community well-being, ecological sustainability, and economic viability. These actions include stakeholder engagement, innovative urban planning, and the integration of green spaces that collectively contribute to a vibrant urban environment. Analyzing these actions in the context of similar projects in Berlin and London reveals both similarities and differences in approaches to revitalization. In Berlin, the transformation of industrial areas into residential and recreational areas has been driven by innovative urban solutions and multi-stakeholder collaboration. The Zukunftsorte initiative focuses on repurposing industrial areas while preserving their historic elements. Case studies such as Adlershof illustrate how the effective integration of business, science, and residential areas can create vibrant urban ecosystems [28]. Similarly to Fort Bema, which preserves historic fortifications, Berlin emphasizes ecological restoration and social integration through mixed-use neighborhoods that meet the diverse needs of residents [117]. More specifically, Kabisch [117] shows how ecosystem service frameworks are integrated into Berlin’s urban planning system and identifies key challenges related to managing urban green spaces. It emphasizes the importance of sustainable development and social integration in the context of urban planning. In London, projects such as Battersea Power Station and King’s Cross are prominent examples of how existing infrastructure can be successfully repurposed into modern living spaces. Battersea Power Station, an iconic industrial site, was challenged by its decommissioning in 1983, but redevelopment began in 2012 and was completed in 2022, preserving a significant amount of the original materials and creating a new town center with housing, shops, and public spaces [32]. In the case of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex, a similar strategy of preserving historic buildings while developing public spaces promotes social cohesion and stimulates local economic growth. However, both Berlin and London have been criticized for gentrification and displacement of residents due to the rising cost of living in newly revitalized areas [33]. For Fort Bema, it is crucial to ensure that revitalization does not lead to the marginalization of local communities [57,58]. The project has incorporated elements of small-scale architecture and green spaces that can help maintain accessibility for all social groups. In particular, there are differences in approaches to infrastructure. In Fort Bema, the WZL-4 facilities were upgraded and new water and sanitation facilities were built, which are essential to ensure the comfort of the residents. In Berlin, there is a greater emphasis on collaboration between different entities involved in infrastructure development [31]. The revitalization of Fort Bema is part of a broader urban trend comparable to experiences in Berlin and London, highlighting both international inspiration and local challenges in balancing development with social values. In this context, Filip [110] identifies critical difficulties in sustainable development in Warsaw, including stakeholder inertia, dependence on individual leaders, inadequate legal collaboration tools, and the need to reinvent the high street concept. Furthermore, Ciesiółka and Maćkiewicz [112] point out that Polish cities face issues such as underutilized central areas, poor housing conditions, inadequate public spaces, and insufficient local zoning plans, which hinder effective urban regeneration. In turn, Tomczyk and Basińska [111] note that revitalization activities in Warsaw are currently neither advanced nor harmonious, with underutilized areas and poor-quality public spaces impeding progress. Key challenges for Warsaw’s revitalization include underutilized central areas [110], inappropriate zoning [34,111], poor housing conditions [34,112], lack of quality public spaces [111], and reduction in green spaces [113]. Addressing these issues requires an approach that integrates sustainable development principles with community participation. The underutilization of central areas signifies a lack of economic development, leading to disengagement among businesses and communities [110]. Collaborative efforts among stakeholders are essential for transforming these areas into vibrant hubs, as seen in other Polish cities [112]. The absence of comprehensive local zoning plans limits effective urban development and necessitates detailed regulations aligned with revitalization goals [111]. Improved zoning can enhance land use and promote sustainable urban growth that meets residents’ and businesses’ needs [113]. Many neighborhoods suffer from inadequate housing and public spaces, affecting residents’ quality of life. Revitalization must prioritize these improvements to foster social resilience [112]. Initiatives should focus on upgrading housing stock and enhancing public spaces to create livable environments [118]. The decline of street greenery negatively impacts urban esthetics; thus, integrating green spaces into revitalization plans can enhance urban resilience and community well-being [113]. In the case of Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex, strategies emphasize increasing green spaces through urban planning and community engagement to promote environmental sustainability [110]. These efforts are crucial, as they not only enhance the esthetic appeal of the area but also contribute to biodiversity and improve the residents’ quality of life. While these challenges are significant, they also present opportunities for creative solutions leading to a greener urban environment in Warsaw. Moreover, revitalization efforts must involve local communities and stakeholders for sustainable success. As highlighted by Kurovska-Pysz and Pierzyna [114], the development of municipal economic activity zones in Poland is influenced by social and economic challenges, such as unfavorable demographic trends and low community engagement—factors relevant to revitalization efforts in urban areas like Warsaw.

The revitalization of Fort Bema exemplifies innovative urban redevelopment, integrating historic preservation with modern residential development. This approach not only maintains the area’s cultural heritage but also adapts to contemporary needs. The establishment of a PPP framework, involving Gmina Warszawa Bemowo and private developers, showcases effective collaboration that facilitates financing and decision-making. Comprehensive urban planning, which incorporates environmental protection and existing infrastructure, minimizes conflicts between development and conservation.

In addition, the involvement of local residents underscores the community-centered approach, as evidenced by initiatives such as community-run kayak rentals on the moat. Environmental restoration projects, including a 148-hectare community park, enhance biodiversity and provide recreational areas that promote social well-being. Improved infrastructure, such as safer transportation links, illustrates how well-planned amenities can improve accessibility. The lessons of Fort Bema are instructive for similar urban renewal projects. In addition, strategic stakeholder communication is essential to manage issues and maintain transparency. In addition, flexibility in urban planning allows for higher housing densities without compromising green spaces, underscoring the importance of adaptive policymaking for sustainable urban environments. A long-term vision that considers future community development and environmental sustainability is critical to fostering resilient urban spaces. In this vein, Wang et al. [6] highlight that industrial heritage parks such as Beijing Shougang Park mitigate pollution and improve the urban environment, contributing to sustainable development through brownfield revitalization. Tonin and Zanatta [7] emphasize the temporary reuse of brownfields for economic and social benefits, while Hou et al. [5] discuss sustainable remediation strategies that integrate nature-based solutions into redevelopment. In addition, Horbliuk et al. [10] find that revitalization projects in degraded industrial areas enhance social capital and community cohesion through public spaces and entrepreneurial support. Similarly, Panteleeva and Kosenko [12] show how the transformation of underutilized urban spaces revitalizes local communities by reducing territorial isolation. In addition to these examples, Ventura et al. [17] assert that urban areas can host significant biodiversity, with strategic planning enhancing regional conservation efforts. Furthermore, Zaslavskaya and Evstratova [21] emphasize the need for collaboration between governments, developers, and community groups in revitalizing peripheral areas to attract investment and improve quality of life. Gu et al. [20] emphasize the importance of collaboration between different market actors in revitalizing post-industrial areas to mitigate conflicts between top-down and bottom-up approaches. Understanding stakeholder dynamics is critical in urban planning, as noted by Qian et al. [24], while Amara-Fadhel et al. [25] emphasize the need to understand stakeholder expectations for effective engagement. Overall, the Fort Bema project serves as an important case study in balancing modernization and historic preservation, providing valuable insights for similar urban renewal initiatives worldwide. These findings are further illustrated in

Table 8. Key success factors for urban revitalization projects.

Success Factor	Description
Effective Stakeholder Engagement	Involving community members and various stakeholders in decision-making processes enhances support and relevance.
Robust Project Management	Establishing a dedicated team with clear roles ensures efficient execution and accountability throughout the project lifecycle.
Sustainable Design Principles	Incorporating green building practices and sustainable infrastructure contributes to environmental resilience and community well-being.
Adaptability to Regulatory Changes	Flexibility in adapting planning regulations allows for innovative solutions while meeting community needs.
Long-Term Community Benefits	Focusing on long-term impacts rather than short-term gains ensures that developments provide lasting value to residents.

Source: own elaboration.

, which presents the key success factors for urban revitalization projects, providing essential insights that enhance the understanding of the Fort Bema revitalization process. By outlining critical elements such as effective stakeholder engagement, robust project management, sustainable design principles, adaptability to regulatory changes, and a focus on long-term community benefits, this table underscores the multifaceted approach necessary for successful urban redevelopment.

These success factors highlight the importance of collaboration among community members and stakeholders to foster support and relevance for revitalization efforts. They also underscore the need for a dedicated project management team to ensure efficient execution and accountability throughout the project lifecycle. By incorporating sustainable design principles and remaining adaptable to regulatory changes, the revitalization of Fort Bema can not only meet the needs of the community today but also provide lasting value for future generations. This comprehensive framework serves as a valuable reference for other urban revitalization initiatives seeking similar success.

To further illustrate these points,

Table 9. Challenges faced during revitalization.

Challenge	Description
Regulatory hurdles	Navigating complex historic preservation and environmental regulations required careful planning and negotiation.
Financial constraints	Securing adequate funding for extensive infrastructure upgrades presented challenges that required innovative financing solutions.
Community resistance	Overcoming initial community skepticism about changes to their environment required proactive engagement strategies.
Integration of diverse interests	Balancing the interests of military authorities, local government, and private developers required ongoing dialog and compromise.

Source: own elaboration.

outlines the challenges faced during the Fort Bema revitalization and provides critical context for understanding the complexities of urban redevelopment projects. By identifying key obstacles such as regulatory hurdles, financial constraints, community opposition, and integrating diverse interests, this table highlights the multifaceted nature of the revitalization process.

Navigating complex historic preservation and environmental regulations required careful planning, underscoring the importance of regulatory compliance in the Fort Bema revitalization project. Securing funding for extensive infrastructure upgrades was also a significant challenge, requiring innovative financing solutions. Resistance from local residents underscored the need for proactive engagement strategies to build trust. Balancing the interests of military authorities, local government, and private developers required ongoing dialog, illustrating the complexity of successful urban revitalization. This overview of challenges serves as a valuable resource for future projects, providing insight into potential pitfalls and management strategies that other cities can adopt to achieve successful revitalization outcomes.

Table 10. Overview of key articles on revitalization strategies for post-industrial areas.

Description/Author	Resonance with Fort Bema Case Study
Revitalization Strategies [9]	The Fort Bema project exemplifies this by integrating modern residential solutions within a historical context, demonstrating effective stakeholder collaboration in revitalizing a post-military area into a multifunctional urban park and residential complex.
Community Engagement [36]	The Fort Bema revitalization involved significant community engagement and innovative planning strategies, addressing housing needs while enhancing the local environment.
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches [20]	The Fort Bema project utilized both top-down planning through municipal regulations and bottom-up community involvement to mediate conflicts and enhance spatial performance, showcasing a balanced approach to urban regeneration.
Investment Attraction [21]	Fort Bema’s transformation into a residential complex and park reflects similar successful strategies by attracting investment while significantly improving the quality of life for local residents through collaborative efforts.
Innovative Methods [37]	The challenges faced during the revitalization of Fort Bema mirror those discussed in the paper by Leshchenko and Gulei [37], highlighting the need for innovative methods and stakeholder collaboration to navigate complexities.
High-Quality Urban Environment [119]	The creation of high-quality living spaces within the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex directly addresses this need, showcasing a successful application of these strategies.
Comprehensive Approach [16]	The Fort Bema project integrates social needs (community spaces), ecological considerations (green park areas), and economic factors (residential development), aligning perfectly with this comprehensive approach.
Holistic Methodology [81]	The holistic methodology applied in Fort Bema’s revitalization aligns with this study’s findings by ensuring diverse stakeholder interests were considered throughout the planning process.
Effective Reclamation Methods [8]	The redevelopment of Fort Bema exemplifies effective reclamation methods that have improved social cohesion by integrating residential areas with public parks and amenities within an abandoned military site context.
Repurposing Military Sites [2]	Fort Bema serves as an exemplary case of repurposing military sites into vibrant community spaces while tackling challenges related to demilitarization effectively during its transformation process.
Brownfield Redevelopment [120]	In line with these principles, Fort Bema’s revitalization prioritizes ecological resilience through green space integration while preserving its cultural heritage as part of its transformation strategy.
Sustainable Urban Development [121]	In the redevelopment phase of Fort Bema Park, similar methodologies were used to effectively assess site capabilities while addressing environmental concerns to achieve sustainable outcomes that meet both investor interests and community needs.
Remediation Strategies [5]	While not contaminated prior to redevelopment, efforts at Fort Bema focused on enhancing ecosystem services through green space integration, consistent with principles of sustainable redevelopment.
Strategic Planning [122]	Fort Bema’s strategic planning reflects these global goals by incorporating social-ecological innovations alongside residential development to improve community well-being within an evolving urban context.
Integrated Planning [102,123]	In the redevelopment phase of Fort Bema Park, integrated planning was essential not only to preserve historic identity but also to ensure new residential developments improved overall quality of life [102].
Government Support [124]	This resonates with the Fort Bema revitalization project, particularly in its emphasis on stakeholder collaboration and government roles in facilitating urban redevelopment through PPPs and flexible planning strategies.
Stakeholder Collaboration [125]	Overcoming barriers through collaboration leads to enhanced community spaces.
Urban Dynamics	Reflects complexities regarding land use criteria and economic considerations in reclamation initiatives.
Innovative Urban Solutions [34,98,126,127]	Showcases innovative urban solutions that enhance living spaces while fostering collaboration throughout the planning process.

Source: own elaboration.

summarizes key research findings on post-industrial and post-military revitalizations, emphasizing innovative urban solutions and stakeholder collaboration in transforming blighted landscapes into vibrant neighborhoods. The findings reflect successful strategies from cities such as Berlin and London, as well as challenges faced in different contexts. In addition, Table 10 illustrates how these studies resonate with the Fort Bema case study, demonstrating the practical application of theoretical frameworks. By examining the parallels between the literature and the Fort Bema project, insights can be gained into how innovative planning and community engagement can address both historic preservation and modern urban development needs. This analysis enriches the understanding of revitalization strategies and serves as a framework for similar projects that balance development pressures with historic preservation.

In addition, the revitalization of Fort Bema has not only transformed the area into a vibrant space for community engagement and recreation but has also yielded significant ecological benefits, including the documented presence of endemic dragonfly species. This finding underscores the success of the revitalization efforts and highlights how restoring natural habitats and introducing green spaces can promote biodiversity.

Table 11. Documented and registered presence of dragonflies at Fort Bema Site.

Species	Observations
Common Spreadwing Lestes sponsa	Several observations of males on low grasses right by the moat, mainly in its southern part.
Elegant Spreadwing Ischnura elegans	Multiple observations of males, females, and copulations, practically on every patch of vegetation surrounding the moat’s edges.
Pond Damselfly Enallagma cyathigerum	Males were often seen sitting in a characteristic pose on the vegetation along the moat, practically along its entire length.
Azure Damselfly Coenagrion puella	Numerous males and observations of copulations and egg-laying.
Large Red-eyed Damselfly Erythromma najas	Many males sitting on the vegetation.
Red-bodied Darter Pyrrhosoma nymphula	Numerous males and females, often observed in tandem.
Bloody Hunter Sympetrum sanguineum	Multiple observations of males, females, and copulations, mainly on the vegetation along the moat throughout its length. Also seen in the nearby park and clearings.

Source: based on [128].

provides detailed observations of various dragonfly species recorded in the area.

The presence of these species is a direct indicator of the ecological health of the site, demonstrating that revitalization initiatives can effectively improve both environmental quality and community well-being. By creating a more hospitable environment for wildlife, the project not only preserves local biodiversity, but also enriches the experience of residents and visitors alike, reinforcing the link between urban revitalization and environmental sustainability. The presence of endemic dragonfly species at Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex is a particularly compelling example of the ecological benefits of revitalization. By incorporating natural habitats into the revitalization plan, the project creates a harmonious balance between preserving historic elements and fostering a vibrant ecosystem [129]. This connection between ecological health and urban revitalization underscores the importance of sustainable practices in enhancing both community engagement and environmental stewardship at Fort Bema.

Overall, the protection and revitalization of fortification sites are extremely complex tasks. They require significant financial investment, time, and in-depth knowledge of design and conservation [104]. The restoration and maintenance of fortification sites require significant financial resources. This includes funding for excavation, conservation, and ongoing maintenance [130]. A comprehensive understanding of the historical, architectural, and archeological contexts is essential. This requires collaboration between historians, archeologists, architects, and engineers [131]. The use of models such as the Adversarial Interpretive-Structure Model (AISM), a theoretical framework used to analyze the complexities of stakeholder interactions and conflicts in decision-making processes, can help to formulate revitalization strategies by analyzing the interrelationships between different elements of the fortifications [132]. Conservation efforts must respect the authenticity and integrity of the structures, as demonstrated by the rehabilitation projects in Portugal [133]. Revitalization strategies should aim to enhance the historical and cultural potential of the sites, thereby increasing their investment attractiveness [130]. The preservation of fortification sites is challenged by environmental factors, urban development pressures, and the need to integrate modern infrastructure [131]. Balancing historical significance with contemporary use requires innovative solutions that do not compromise the integrity of the site [133]. While the protection and revitalization of fortification sites is complex, they offer significant cultural and educational benefits. The application of modern technology and interdisciplinary collaboration promises to enhance these efforts so that these historic sites remain relevant and accessible to future generations. On the other hand, it is quite difficult to obtain adequate funding and long-term public support for this kind of effort. Modern additions to the spaces of these sites present many challenges for designers and conservators [131]. In order to preserve their historical value, it is essential to introduce contemporary functions into their structure. In addition, the development of new functions promotes so-called historical tourism, which allows better identification of fortification sites, even in densely built urban locations. Users of these spaces should have easy access to information about their historic elements (as shown in Figure 5).

The Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex is an excellent example of the effective presentation of historic architecture through comprehensive cleaning and conservation work. This example illustrates the proper implementation of open space recreation programs. The adaptation of Fort Bema demonstrates that it is possible to effectively protect its historical and cultural values without incurring significant expenditures on expensive equipment. The key to this process is regular maintenance to protect against harmful external factors such as invasive vegetation. In future research, it would be worthwhile to investigate whether the model of Fort Bema’s development could also be applied to forts located in areas with less urban pressure. Finally, it is important to note that this revitalization project is significant from an urban planning perspective because it illustrates the effective integration of historic preservation with modern development strategies. By employing innovative approaches and fostering collaboration among diverse stakeholders, this research demonstrates how the revitalization of post-military areas can enhance community engagement and address contemporary urban challenges, ultimately contributing to sustainable urban development.

5. Conclusions

The revitalization of Fort Bema and the creation of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex represents a critical response to the pressing need for sustainable urban development in areas formerly occupied by military installations. This research examines progressive urban development methods that successfully integrate the preservation of historic sites with contemporary housing needs. Using a case study framework, the study utilizes SWOT analysis and explores public–private partnerships to evaluate various revitalization strategies. Key findings include a thorough examination of the elements that facilitated the effective transformation of 148 hectares of land, which includes the development of the “Parkowo-Leśne” housing estate with 1637 apartments, with a total area of 118,255.97 m² and a volume of 669,982.73 m³. In addition, the Osmańczyka Street Housing Estate was built on an area of 11.7 hectares with over 100,000 m² of residential space and buildings with a total volume of approximately 548,000 m³. The observed positive trends in net migration during this period further validate the growth and attractiveness of the Bemowo district as a desirable residential location. These developments contribute to increased community involvement and urban integration. The study concludes that adaptive planning approaches and collaborative stakeholder engagement are critical to successful urban transformation. It advocates that similar projects implement these strategies to balance development needs with heritage conservation, thereby addressing housing shortages while preserving cultural significance.

The research methodology involves an in-depth analysis of the Fort Bema revitalization project, focusing on the strategies and practices implemented during its transformation, including historic preservation and community engagement. The study relied primarily on qualitative data through detailed project reviews to identify best practices in urban revitalization. A key conclusion is that effective preservation of historic components requires a careful balance between the current and future needs of the community. The transformation of the Fort Bema recreation area exemplifies how public spaces around historic sites can foster local identity and increase community engagement. These findings are relevant not only to Fort Bema but also to other historic sites facing similar urban challenges. Importantly, this study provides critical insights for policymakers and urban planners seeking to revitalize deteriorating areas while preserving their historic value. To further understand the impact of these revitalization efforts, the internal migration data for Bemowo, including registrations, deregistrations, and net migration from 2002 to 2023, are presented. These figures are essential for evaluating the revitalization of the Fort Bema Park and Residential Complex, as they serve as a proxy indicator for understanding the demographic changes in Bemowo during the critical period of the revitalization efforts, particularly from 2002 to 2009, when significant residential developments were realized (there was a notable increase in registrations for internal migrations, peaking in 2006 with 2431 registrations and a net migration of 1257). By analyzing these migration trends, valuable insights can be gained into how the revitalization of Fort Bema has influenced the attractiveness of the area for new residents, thereby contributing to a comprehensive assessment of the project’s impact on local community dynamics.

Oveall, the study provides new perspectives for urban planning theories and revitalization practices, suggesting that a sustainable approach to spatial development can lead to improved quality of life for residents and preservation of cultural heritage. The findings are significant for urban planners and policymakers who are seeking to effectively transform post-military areas. It is important to note that the study had certain limitations related to the local context and the specifics of the case study analysis, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. Future research should focus on the long-term effects of revitalization in different contexts and analyze the impact of such projects on local communities. In conclusion, this study contributes to a better understanding of revitalization processes in the context of heritage conservation and highlights the importance of intersectoral cooperation in the implementation of sustainable urban strategies.