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Volume 15
Issue 19
10.3390/buildings15193485
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategies in Green Building Construction Projects: A Global Empirical Study

by
Saeed Reza Mohandes
1,
Ridwan Taiwo
2,
Abdul-Mugis Yussif
2,
Tong Han
1,
Faris Elghaish
3,
Mehrdad Arashpour
4,
Atul Kumar Singh
5,* and
Mary Subaja Christo
6,*
1
Department of Civil Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
2
Department of Building and Real Estate, Faculty of Construction and Environment, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
3
School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
4
Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
5
NICMAR Institute of Construction Management and Research, Delhi-NCR, Bahadurgarh 124507, Haryana, India
6
Department of Networking and Communications, School of Computing, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattakulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Buildings 2025, 15(19), 3485; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15193485
Submission received: 6 September 2025 / Revised: 19 September 2025 / Accepted: 19 September 2025 / Published: 26 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Technologies, AI and BIM in Construction)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The construction industry significantly impacts environmental degradation, making sustainable practices like green building construction projects (GBCPs) essential. Although GBCPs offer substantial benefits, they also come with unique risks related to their sustainable nature and common construction challenges. Research on GBCP risks is often fragmented, lacks proper classification, and misses a global perspective, with insufficient focus on empirical assessment and risk mitigation strategies. This study addresses these gaps by systematically identifying risks associated with GBCPs, empirically assessing them using data from global experts, and proposing mitigation strategies. Utilising reliability tests, descriptive statistics, one-sample t-tests, hypothesis testing, and correlation analysis, 42 risk factors were determined and assigned to nine groups: legal and regulatory, technical, financial, material-related, design, schedule and planning, communication and awareness, performance and operational, and environmental. Green product certification and re-evaluation charges, client finance difficulties, the high cost of green materials and equipment, the absence of qualified project teams, and additional expenditures for green building design and construction are the top five concerns. The study also identifies 45 mitigation strategies, enhancing understanding of GBCP risks and guiding stakeholders in effective risk management and sustainable construction practices.
Keywords: green buildings; risk factors; sustainability; construction projects; descriptive statistics; green construction green buildings; risk factors; sustainability; construction projects; descriptive statistics; green construction

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Mohandes, S.R.; Taiwo, R.; Yussif, A.-M.; Han, T.; Elghaish, F.; Arashpour, M.; Singh, A.K.; Christo, M.S. Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategies in Green Building Construction Projects: A Global Empirical Study. Buildings 2025, 15, 3485. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15193485

AMA Style

Mohandes SR, Taiwo R, Yussif A-M, Han T, Elghaish F, Arashpour M, Singh AK, Christo MS. Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategies in Green Building Construction Projects: A Global Empirical Study. Buildings. 2025; 15(19):3485. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15193485

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohandes, Saeed Reza, Ridwan Taiwo, Abdul-Mugis Yussif, Tong Han, Faris Elghaish, Mehrdad Arashpour, Atul Kumar Singh, and Mary Subaja Christo. 2025. "Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategies in Green Building Construction Projects: A Global Empirical Study" Buildings 15, no. 19: 3485. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15193485

APA Style

Mohandes, S. R., Taiwo, R., Yussif, A.-M., Han, T., Elghaish, F., Arashpour, M., Singh, A. K., & Christo, M. S. (2025). Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategies in Green Building Construction Projects: A Global Empirical Study. Buildings, 15(19), 3485. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15193485

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