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Article

Research on Design Strategy for Zero-Carbon Touristic Apartment Openings Based on Building Life Cycle

1
School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
2
School of Management Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2427; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142427
Submission received: 11 January 2025 / Revised: 23 June 2025 / Accepted: 7 July 2025 / Published: 10 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

Abstract

The timeshare is gradually becoming an essential global tourism operation model, especially in rural areas of China, where the leisure industry is developing rapidly. Meanwhile, the environmental issues of the rapidly growing timeshare-related building production have received widespread attention. The existing research on zero-carbon buildings considers carbon emissions as a constant value and cannot adapt to the impact of user changes during the operation phase. Constructing a low-carbon design applicable to timeshare is significant for controlling carbon emissions in the construction industry and responding to the environmental crisis. The practical carbon emissions of touristic apartments depend on the requirement changes in different customer clusters. The timeshare theory reflects the requirement change in different customer clusters based on the timeshare property ownership change. This paper focuses on a dynamic design strategy for zero-carbon building openings to reduce practical carbon emissions. Firstly, this research clarifies the primary customer clusters and conducts a touristic apartment unit model by timeshare property ownership. Then, this research clarifies the changes in customer requirements to analyze the spatial function changes in the operating phase. Finally, the study identifies six dynamic carbon emission indicators, such as the window-to-wall ratio, ventilation rate, and effective daylight area, and through passive design methods, provides 13 variable devices applied in the operating phase to control dynamic carbon emission indicators by customers. This paper also offers a flexible method to effectively decrease and accurately control carbon emissions by reducing the possible device utility.

1. Introduction

The environmental crisis raises concerns in various industries worldwide [1]. Many countries have successively formulated national strategies to control carbon emissions. In September 2020, the Chinese government proposed two national strategic objectives of carbon emission control [2,3]. The construction and tourism industries are critical sources of CO2 emissions, including 8–11% and 40% of the global carbon emissions [4]. To achieve the vital goal of carbon emission control, it is necessary to study the carbon emission laws of related industries and propose optimization design strategies [5]. Carbon emissions in the operating phase account for 80% of the building life cycle [6,7,8,9], the key phase to solving environmental problems and realizing the strategic objectives [10,11,12]. Consequently, the urgent problem is solving the primary carbon emissions of touristic building production in the operating phase of the building life cycle.
Previous research has grappled with identifying a building structure’s primary carbon emission sources for different types of buildings [13]. The building envelope is believed to be the most essential carbon emission source due to heat loss [14]. The openings of the building envelope critically and fundamentally impact the heating, cooling, and daylighting load, determining the utility and carbon emission of devices for heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting [15]. Additionally, the window-to-wall ratio was the essential factor in carbon emissions by reducing cooling and heating carbon emissions with respect to visual and thermal comfort of the building interiors [16]. Some researchers insisted that the sizes and orientations of the windows also affected the building’s carbon emissions [17]. Other previous studies took the shape, position, and size of prefabricated buildings’ windows as variations, exploring the optimal window-to-wall ratio as a design strategy in the north of China [18]. However, the building productions’ ventilation, lighting or cooling, and heating features vary greatly depending on the users’ requirements [19]. There is a gap in past research regarding the discussion of the size, shape, orientation, position of windows, or analysis of the optimal window-to-wall ratio in a specific area, but the current research considered the users’ requirements for ventilation, lighting, heating, and so on in the building’s operating phase as constant numeration, which made it inaccurate to calculate and control the minimum of carbon emissions of the timeshare building. According to current research findings, carbon emissions depend on customers’ behaviors, especially in touristic buildings such as tourist apartments [20], and it is argued that reducing carbon emissions in the operating phase is effective by transforming the spatial functions based on the customers’ requirement changes [21,22,23]. Therefore, studying the carbon emission control design during the construction operation stage under different user demand orientations is significant, especially for the timeshare operation model [24,25]. Based on relevant timeshare research on customer requirement changes, this research aims to identify openings’ carbon emission indicators of the operating phase from a dynamic perspective to reduce carbon emissions by excessive device application. In addition, it also provides designers with a practical opening design strategy and a model for a typical touristic apartment for accurate carbon emission control.

2. Methodology

2.1. Timeshare Property Ownership

2.1.1. Timeshare Operation Model and Timeshare Primary Customer Cluster

Timeshare tourist buildings’ customers differ from other tourist buildings in their applications and concepts. Timeshare is a form of property ownership that allows the customer to occupy an accommodation or a facility for a defined period during a year over a specified number of years or perpetually, also known as intervals, fractional, or vacation ownership [26]. The first timeshare case was in the early 1960s [27]. Because joint ownership requires trust, and no property manager is involved, family groups are the majority of the customer groups [28,29]. The timeshare primary customers can be divided into four clusters: the family group, friends group, business group, and individual group [30]. Based on past research, the family group cluster has five sub-categories according to the Family Cycle theory [30,31]. Detailed timeshare primary customer cluster analysis is shown in Table 1.

2.1.2. Touristic Apartment Unit Model of Timeshare Property Ownership

According to the customer cluster in Table 1, the touristic apartment model in this research takes a two-bedroom apartment as the minimal unit, including a kitchen, a bathroom, a living room, and two bedrooms, as shown in Figure 1. The two-bedroom unit can accommodate most family groups (one or two children), individual groups, business groups, or friend groups with four or fewer people. To provide a model for carbon emission calculation in the operating phase, this research takes the smallest room, the bathroom, to evaluate the customer requirement change impacts on openings (Table 2). The scale of the bathroom, n, is derived from the smallest unit that meets the human scale in the architectural design data set [32], and the plan organization is derived from the organized function based on the space of the touristic apartment in the spatial assemblage theory of architecture [33].

2.1.3. Theories of Developments of Consumer Value Changes in the Timeshare Industry

Customer requirements determine the value of productions because value exists only when the productions satisfy customers, which is believed to be the “relativistic preference” [34,35]. Some past leisure and touristic studies view the customers’ requirements as multi-dimensional and context-specific [36]. By analyzing the Japanese tourist industry, Lee et al. consider the requirements of three aspects [37]. Petric derived requirements into five dimensions: quality, emotional, monetary, behavioral, and reputation [38]. As a production with various interactions, timeshare is an appropriate research subject for customer requirement changes. This research applies Petric’s five dimensions to analyze touristic apartment unit requirements.

2.2. Research Framework

This research includes timeshare primary customer cluster identification and a touristic apartment unit model. Five-dimensional touristic customer requirement modes of quality, emotional, monetary, behavioral, and reputation were applied to classify spatial function changes in the primary customer clusters. Four primary timeshare customer clusters were identified. Flexible touristic apartment design for the four main customer segments can minimize carbon emissions during the operating phase. This study explores a touristic apartment unit model that maximally satisfies the requirements of four primary timeshare customer clusters through the passive design method. The touristic apartment unit model consists of six dynamic opening indicators in ventilation and lighting identified based on the customer clusters. The window-to-ground ratio, light correction coefficient, and effective daylight area, three dynamic carbon emission indicators, were used to clarify the ability of the design to meet the needs of different customer clusters during the operating phase. The window-to-wall ratio and ventilation quantity are secondary restricted indicators for further controlling carbon emissions based on meeting the needs of customer clusters. A total of 13 passive approaches were conducted to control the six indicators of openings, which can flexibly adjust ventilation and lighting in the operating phase. The research flow chart is shown in Figure 2.

3. Customer Requirement and Spatial Function Changes in the Operating Phase

3.1. Customer Requirement Changes in Primary Customer Clusters

Table 3 analyzes the five dimensions of customer requirement changes in the operating phase. The quality requirements for each cluster were evaluated by the whole interior quality, including the requirement for lighting and temperature. Customers’ requirements on interior temperature and daylighting conditions are critical for the expanding family phase, aged families, and business groups. Emotional requirements were analyzed based on the customers’ independent requirements. Table 1 shows that the family and friends groups, except for the beginning family and contracting family phases, need more space for the group members. Because of financial restrictions, beginning families, expanding families, individual groups, and friend groups pay less attention to the quality of the facilities, such as room size. Behavioral requirements were analyzed based on the typical person’s activities. For instance, expanding families need more recreational space, while expanding families, business groups, and friends groups need more public spaces. The reputation requirements were analyzed using the most focused requirement for each cluster.

3.2. Correspondence Between Customer Requirement Changes and Spatial Function Changes

Based on the requirement analysis in Table 3, Table 4 analyzes the practical spatial function changes in the primary customer clusters. The quality requirements were evaluated by interior quality, mainly ventilation and daylighting. As a restricted factor, monetary requirements determine other space function qualities, such as the functional space area and windows for viewing. The reputation requirements also serve as a restricted factor for reflecting the most focused requirement for each cluster. For the beginning family phase, contracting family phase, individual group, and friends group, larger windows for landscapes are the extra restricted factor. There is no balcony because of safety concerns for the expanding family and the aged family phases. The balcony and larger entertainment room are separately restricted factors for the business and friends groups.
Table 5 shows the layouts, ventilation, and daylighting changes according to the spatial function changes. This section’s result is the basic touristic apartment model in the operating phase for five clusters. These models are used as the coupling mechanisms for the opening design.

4. Analysis of Opening Design for Zero-Carbon Touristic Apartment in Operating Phase

4.1. Opening Layout Changes Based on the Spatial Function Changes

The openings for each cluster based on spatial function changes in the operating phase are presented in Table 6. The openings, such as numeration and location, directly affect the ventilation, daylighting, and functional changes in the operating phase. Table 6 shows that the expanding family phase, the aged families phase, and the business group have additional openings for the lighting need, as shown in Table 5. The other groups have the exact opening location as the primitively touristic apartment unit model in Section 2.1.2. The opening layout changes for each cluster are illustrated in Figure 3. The scales of the openings are derived from industry standards [39,40,41].

4.2. Carbon Emission Indicator Control of the Touristic Apartment Opening Scales

Table 7 illustrates the carbon emission indicator control of the zero-carbon touristic apartment opening scales. The carbon emission indicators are based on ventilation and space illumination changes for the area changes in Table 5. To satisfy the ventilation and daylighting requirements in Section 3, the window-to-wall ratio, light correction coefficient, and effective daylight area are used to calculate ventilation and daylighting for each cluster. In addition, openings in the touristic apartment unit model use the JISA standard productions for calculations.
First, the window-to-ground ratio is applied to take the daylight and ventilation quality, shown in Table 6, as the standard and ensure the opening scales satisfy the ventilation and space illumination requirements. The calculation formula is as follows.
R = A ÷ S,
R: window-to-ground ratio. A: window opening (m2). S: space scale (m2).
Secondly, the light correction coefficient and effective daylight area are applied to rectify the opening scales. The light correction coefficient and effective daylight area can ensure that the daylighting, calculated by the window-to-ground ratio, satisfies the practical activities in the operating phase. The calculation formula is as follows.
K = 6 × D ÷ H − 1.4,
D: horizontal distance between the upper gable end of the window center and the adjacent building boundary. H: vertical distance from the center of the window to the lower edge of the cornice. K: light correction coefficient.
J = A1K1 + A2K2 + A3K3 + …+ AnKn,
J: effective daylight area.
Table 8 illustrates the opening scale amendment through the secondary restricted indicators, the ventilation quality, and the window-to-wall ratio. From Table 5, the opening area is the intermediate parameter to the amendment. Firstly, ventilation quality is used to examine the opening scale to determine whether it is proper to satisfy the customer’s requirements and prevent extra carbon emissions because of the excessive scales. Additionally, the window-to-wall ratio precisely controls the proper location and rate on the wall, so these two amendments can reduce the practical carbon emissions in the operating phase. This research defaults to flat roofs to avoid the impact on lighting and energy consumption due to changes in building shape. Table 9 shows the touristic apartment unit model layout, opening location, and scales for each primary customer cluster. The two calculation formulas are as follows.
Q = C × A × V,
Q: ventilation quality. C: ventilation efficiency coefficient. A: window opening (m2). V: wind velocity.
G = A ÷ F,
G: window-to-wall ratio. F: building unit façade area.
The results shown in Table 9 are the detailed scales, locations, and numbers of the opening layouts for five clusters. The designed openings satisfy the practical ventilation and daylighting requirements in the operating phase. Carbon emission indicators minimize the use of light and ventilation.

5. The Opening Design Strategy

The critical passive design methods to reduce the practical carbon emissions are presented in Table 10 and Table 11. Because the practical customer’s requirements are randomized, optimal methods and variable methods are applied for customers to adjust the extra factors, daylighting, and ventilation, in the space. Customers can flexibly adjust the carbon emission indicators to improve their interior conditions by changing the location, angle, and arrangement. Applied passive design methods affect the carbon emission indicators proposed in Section 4, such as the window-to-wall ratio, ventilation rate, and effective daylight area, and their relationships are shown in Table 10. The optimal passive design methods are as follows. These passive design methods can be applied in most touristic buildings and areas.
  • Eaves
Eaves are applied to adjust the light correction coefficient and effective daylight area. This device takes advantage of natural shades to decrease the daylight. Areas with hotter summers and lower latitudes commonly use this facility to reduce excessive light entering the room.
  • Low-E Glass
Low-E Glass can change the effective daylight area of an opening. Low-E Glass is applied to a special coating that increases the light entering the room. It is a widely used enhancement in many buildings.
  • Rotating hoods
The rotating hoods mainly affect the ventilation quantity. The working principle of the rotating hoods is to utilize wind power to drive the internal rotating parts so that the air outlet of the hood is always back in the wind direction, thus improving ventilation efficiency. This method can be used in any building that requires ventilation. Wall greening
  • Wall Greening
Wall greening can reduce the opening area and affect the window-to-ground ratio, light correction coefficient, and effective daylight area. The leaves block too much natural light in the summer. The leaves fall off in winter, and more light enters the room. Because it is a natural and clean way, it can be used in any area suitable for plants.
  • Casement Window
Casement windows are applied to adjust the window-to-ground ratio, light correction coefficient, effective daylight area, and ventilation quantity. This device utilizes the window opening angle to increase the area in contact with direct sunlight and the ventilation area, thereby reducing energy consumption during the day. This facility is typically used in high-latitude, high-rise residential areas that require sunlight. In addition, casement windows are safer and are suitable for rooms for children and the elderly.
Secondly, the variable passive design methods are as follows. These passive design methods can be used in the operating phase to adjust the practical ventilation and daylighting.
  • Painting with light-colored materials
Painting with light-colored materials can affect the window-to-ground ratio and effective daylight area. This method increases the amount of light entering a room by changing the color of the coating material and using the diffuse reflection of sunlight. The main applications of this method can be found in the new construction and reconstruction phases. At the same time, due to the characteristics of light-colored paint, it is mainly used in children’s rooms as well as to create a relaxing atmosphere.
  • Adjustable sunshade components
The principle of the adjustable sunshade components is the same as the wall greening. They both utilize the shade to reduce the opening area and affect the window-to-ground ratio, light correction coefficient, and effective daylight area. The difference is that adjustable sunshade components can be adjusted flexibly. Therefore, it is widely used in many buildings.
  • Transparent or translucent sliding doors
Transparent or translucent sliding doors mainly affect the window-to-ground ratio and effective daylight area. This device utilizes the material’s characteristics to increase the light entering the room. As a result, it increases the illumination of the room. This device is used when there is a need to change the room’s function flexibly.
  • Reflecting board
Reflecting boards can affect the effective daylight area. This device improves illumination within the interior by reflecting light, reducing reliance on artificial lighting. Therefore, it is widely used in many buildings.
  • Adjustable Reflectors
Adjustable Reflectors work similarly to reflecting boards. Their difference is that Adjustable Reflectors can adjust the reflector’s angle to the sun’s angle in different areas and at different times of the day. As a result, this device is used in rooms that require flexible light adjustments.
  • Shutters
Shutters are applied to adjust the window area, the window-to-ground ratio, the light correction coefficient, and the effective daylight area. This device essentially changes the amount of light entering the room by adjusting the angle of the shutters. Therefore, it is widely used in many buildings.
  • Adjustable shutter
Adjustable shutters are similar to shutters, but their primary function is ventilation rather than light. The blades of the shutters can be adjusted manually or electrically to precisely control the amount of ventilation and the direction of airflow. Therefore, it is widely used in many buildings.
  • Dimmable glass
Dimmable glass is a high-tech dimming device that can change the transparency of the glass through electric fields or temperature changes. By installing dimming glass in light openings, the transmittance of light can be adjusted automatically or manually according to the lighting needs of the room and the intensity of external light.
The practical application of passive design methods in the touristic apartment units is illustrated in Table 11. Table 11 shows the passive design methods applied to each customer cluster and the carbon emission indicators affected.

6. Conclusions and Discussion

This research provides a design strategy to address excessive carbon emissions in the operating phase of touristic apartments due to changes in customer requirements from a dynamic perspective. Past studies have considered openings a key component of constant excessive carbon emissions. However, this approach does not consider changes in ventilation and daylighting requirements during practical use. Therefore, the dynamic and rational design of the opening is very critical. This paper reveals the relationship between major consumer requirement changes and carbon emissions. The study elucidates the dynamic mechanisms affecting carbon emissions in the operating phase of touristic apartments based on the analysis of ventilation and lighting factors.
This research uses four primary customer clusters and a basic touristic apartment unit model based on timeshare property ownership. This paper uses five-dimensional touristic customer requirement modes to analyze the changes in customer requirements. It also analyzes the spatial function changes and two extra factors from the multi-analysis to the customer requirement change in each cluster. We extract six carbon emission indicators to control the excessive carbon emissions in the operating phase; see Table 4 and Table 5. Among these, four leading carbon emission indicators are applied to classify the location and scale of openings. Two more secondary restricted indicators are used to amend the proper opening scales to prevent excessive use. Finally, this study conducts seven zero-carbon touristic apartment unit models for the four customer clusters. In addition, this paper provides five optimal passive design methods and eight variable passive design methods to guide the practical opening design; see Table 10 and Table 11.
Climatic, regional, and cultural factors influence the diversity of the built environment, and the diversity of the built environment influences differences in carbon emissions. Therefore, future research is directed toward exploring the carbon emission factors of the openings and guiding practical design in different climatic zones and regions. Also, discussing how to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies through simulations is a key research context.

Author Contributions

Methodology, Y.Y.; Data curation, Y.W.; Writing—original draft, X.S.; Writing—review & editing, F.W. and D.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the 2023 Key Laboratory Open Fund of the Ministry of Natural Resources grant number KF-2022-07-011 and Development of energy-saving technology for assembled lightweight steel structure buildings grant number H24233Z0101.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Figure 1. Touristic apartment unit model. Source: authors.
Figure 1. Touristic apartment unit model. Source: authors.
Buildings 15 02427 g001
Figure 2. Research flowchart. Source: authors.
Figure 2. Research flowchart. Source: authors.
Buildings 15 02427 g002
Figure 3. The opening layout (mm). Source: authors.
Figure 3. The opening layout (mm). Source: authors.
Buildings 15 02427 g003
Table 1. Timeshare primary customer cluster.
Table 1. Timeshare primary customer cluster.
Customer ClusterDefinitionOccupancyNumber of Bedrooms
Family GroupBeginning familyNewly married couples21
Expanding family Couples with their first child32
Couples with more than one childMore than 32 or more
Contracting familyA child left the family2 or more1, 2, or more
Aged familiesAll the children left the family21
Individual GroupSingle customer11
Business GroupBusiness Travelers2 or more1, 2, or more
Friends GroupFriends2 or more1, 2, or more
Table 2. Touristic apartment unit model of timeshare property ownership.
Table 2. Touristic apartment unit model of timeshare property ownership.
NO.FunctionArea
Bedroom 16n
A living room3n
A bathroomn
A kitchen2n
Bedroom 26n
Source: authors.
Table 3. Main customer requirement changes in the operating phase.
Table 3. Main customer requirement changes in the operating phase.
Customer ClusterQualityEmotionalMonetaryBehavioralReputation
Family GroupBeginning familyRegularRegularMore economicalMore recreational spaceLandscape visibility and entertainment
Expanding familyHighSeparate space for childrenMore economicalChild’s recreational spaceChild-friendly and safety
More economicalLarger child’s recreational space
Contracting familyRegularRegularCozierNo
Special requirement
Landscape visibility
Aged familiesHighSeparate space for caregiverCozierLarger space to moveAge-friendly and safety
Individual GroupRegularRegularMore economicalNo
Special requirement
Landscape visibility
Business GroupHighRegularCozierMore recreational spaceCoziness
Friends GroupRegularSeparate space for
Each person
More economicalLarger recreational spaceLandscape visibility and entertainment
Source: authors.
Table 4. Main spatial function changes in the operating phase.
Table 4. Main spatial function changes in the operating phase.
Customer ClusterFunctions
QualityEmotionalMonetaryBehavioralReputation
Family GroupBeginning family————RestrictedEntertainment roomLarger windows for landscape
Family extensionVentilation, daylightingChildren’s bedroomRestrictedEntertainment roomNo balcony
Contracting family————————Larger windows for landscape
Aged familiesVentilation, daylightingCaregiver room——Extra space to moveNo balcony
Individual Group————Restricted——Larger windows for landscape
Business GroupVentilation, daylighting————Entertainment roomBalcony
Friends Group——Friend’s roomRestrictedEntertainment roomLarger windows and entertainment room
Source: authors.
Table 5. The spatial function changes in areas.
Table 5. The spatial function changes in areas.
Customer ClusterLayoutSpatial Function ChangesArea ChangesExtra Factors
Additional Need for LightVentilationDaylighting
Family GroupBeginning familyBuildings 15 02427 i001Bedroom 2 to Entertainment room2nNONormalNormal
Family extensionBuildings 15 02427 i002Bedroom 2 to Children’s bedroom4nYESHighHigh
Bedroom 2 to Entertainment room2nNO
Contracting familyBuildings 15 02427 i003——————NormalNormal
Aged familiesBuildings 15 02427 i004Bedroom 2 to Living room6nYESHighHigh
Bedroom 2 to Caregiver room3nNO
Individual GroupBuildings 15 02427 i005——————NormalNorma
Business GroupBuildings 15 02427 i006Bedroom 2 to Entertainment room4nNOHighHigh
Bedroom 2 to Balcony2nYES
Friends GroupBuildings 15 02427 i007Bedroom 2 to Entertainment room6nNONormalNormal
Source: authors.
Table 6. The number and space area changes in openings based on spatial function changes in the operating phase.
Table 6. The number and space area changes in openings based on spatial function changes in the operating phase.
Customer ClusterNo.NameAreaThe Openings
All customer groupsBedroom 1No changesInterior Door A
Sliding Door A
IncreaseWindow A
Family GroupBeginning familyLiving roomNo changesExterior Door A
Family extensionInterior Door A
Window E
Contracting familyInterior Door B
Aged familiesIncreaseInterior Door C
Individual GroupNo changesSliding Door B
Business GroupWindow B
Friends Group
All customer groupsBathroomNo changesInterior Door B
Window C
Sliding Door C
All customer groupsKitchenNo changesSliding Door B
Family GroupBeginning familyEntertainment roomDecreaseInterior Door B
Expanding familyChildren’s bedroom
Entertainment room
Contracting family————Window D
Aged familiesLiving roomIncreaseWindow E
Caregiver roomDecrease
Individual Group————Sliding Door D
Business GroupEntertainment roomDecrease
Balcony
Friends GroupEntertainment roomNo
Change
Source: authors.
Table 7. Zero-carbon touristic apartment opening scales control table.
Table 7. Zero-carbon touristic apartment opening scales control table.
Customer ClusterNO.NameSpace AeraOpeningsScalesAeraRKJ
Ventilation QuantityDataStandard DataDataStandard DataDataEnhancement Ratio
DataStandard Data
Family GroupContracting familyBedroom 26nInterior Door B900 × 2100 mm1.89 m2-------More than 2.09 m2
Sliding Door D1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m26.05 m2More than 0.731 m20.411/73.24D-1.4More than 1.844.641.22
Window D2500 × 1500 mm3.75 m29 m2More than 0.731 m20.2561/73.87D-1.4More than 2.479.263 m23.43
Beginning familyEntertainment room2nWindow D1500 × 2500 mm3.75 m29 m2More than 0.245 m20.7651/72.93D-1.4More than 1.535.74 m2More than 0.7 m27.21
Expanding familyChildren’s bedroom4nWindow D2500 × 2000 mm5 m212 m2More than 0.50 m20.511/73.33D-1.4More than 1.939.650 m2More than 1.39 m25.94
Entertainment room2nWindow E2500 × 1500 mm3.15 m27.56 m2More than 0.245 m20.641/73.87D-1.4More than 2.477.781 m2More than 0.7 m210.12
Interior Door B900 × 2100 mm1.89 m24.5 m2-------
Aged familiesLiving room7nWindow B3000 × 1500 mm4.50 m210.8 m2More than 0.733 m20.311/73.87D-1.4More than 2.4711.115 m2More than 2.094 m24.31
Exterior Door A1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m2-------
Interior Door A800 × 2100 mm1.68 m2-------
Interior Door C900 × 2100 mm1.89 m2-------
Sliding Door B1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m26.0 m20.173.24D-1.4More than 1.844.64 m2More than 2.094 m21.06
Caregiver room3nWindow D3000 × 1500 mm4.50 m210.8 m2More than 0.366 m20.623.87D-1.4More than 2.4711.115 m2More than 1.044 m29.65
Business GroupEntertainment room4nInterior Door B900 × 2100 mm1.89 m24.5 m2--------
Window E2500 × 1500 mm3.75 m29 m2More than 0.49 m20.381/73.87D-1.4More than 2.479.26 m2More than 1.394 m25.64
Balcony2nSliding Door D1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m22.1 m2More than 0.24 m20.511/73.24D-1.4More than 1.844.64 m2More than 0.7 m25.63
Window D2500 × 1500 mm3.15 m29 m20.771/73.87D-1.4More than 2.475.74 m2More than 0.7 m27.2
Friends GroupEntertainment room6nInterior Door B900 × 2100 mm1.89 m24.5 m2More than 0.731 m2-------
Window D2500 × 1500 mm3.75 m29 m20.261/73.87D-1.4More than 2.479.26 m2More than 2.09 m23.43
Beginning familyLiving room3nExterior Door A1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m2------- -
Expanding familyInterior Door A800 × 2100 mm1.68 m2--------
Contracting familyInterior Door B900 × 2100 mm1.89 m2--------
Individual GroupInterior Door C900 × 2100 mm1.89 m2--------
Business GroupSliding Door B1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m26.048 m2More than 0.367 m20.341/73.24D-1.4More than 1.844.637 m2More than 1.05 m23.42
Friends GroupWindow B1500 × 2100 mm3.15 m27.56 m20.4291/73.24D-1.4More than 1.845.796 m2More than 1.05 m24.52
Aged familiesLiving room7nWindow B3000 × 1500 mm4.50 m210.8 m2More than 0.733 m20.311/73.87D-1.4More than 2.4711.115 m2More than 2.094 m24.31
Exterior Door A1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m2--------
Interior Door A800 × 2100 mm1.68 m2--------
Interior Door C900 × 2100 mm1.89 m2--------
Sliding Door B1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m26.0 m20.17-3.24D-1.4More than 1.844.64 m2More than 2.094 m21.22
All customer groupsBathroomnInterior Door C900 × 2100 mm1.89 m2-More than 0.12 m2-------
Sliding Door C800 × 2100 mm1.68 m24.032 m20.7-3.24 D-1.4More than 1.843.09 m2More than 0.12 m224.75
Window C600 × 1500 mm0.9 m22.16 m20.3751/73.87D-1.4More than 2.472.223 m217.53
All customer groupsKitchen2nSliding Door B1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m22.52 m2More than 0.49 m20.511/73.24D-1.4More than 1.844.64 m2More than 0.71 m25.54
All customer groupsBedroom 16nInterior Door A800 × 2100 mm1.68 m21.68 m2 -----
Sliding Door A1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m22.52 m2More than 0.56 m20.171/73.24D-1.4More than 1.844.64 m2More than 2.09 m21.22
Window A2500 × 1500 mm3.75 m23.75 m20.3321/73.87D-1.4More than 2.479.263 m23.43
Source: authors.
Table 8. Zero-carbon touristic apartment opening scale amendment.
Table 8. Zero-carbon touristic apartment opening scale amendment.
Customer ClusterNo.NameThe
Openings
ScalesAreaFacade AreaGV
DataStandard DataEnhancement
Ratio
DataStandard DataEnhancement
Ratio
Family GroupBeginning familyEntertainment roomWindow D1500 × 2500 mm3.75 m212.96 m20.29Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.363.75 m2More than 0.245 m214.31
Expanding familyChildren’s bedroomWindow D2500 × 2000 mm5 m214.62 m20.34Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.245 m2More than 0.50 m29
Entertainment roomWindow E2500 × 1500 mm3.15 m214.62 m20.22Less than or
equal to 0.40
0.453.15 m2More than 0.245 m211.86
Contracting familyBedroom 2Sliding Door D1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m214.62 m20.17Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.622.52 m2More than 0.731 m22.45
Window D2500 × 1500 mm3.75 m214.62 m20.26Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.423.75 m2More than 0.731 m24.13
Aged familiesLiving roomWindow B3000 × 1500 mm4.50 m214.62 m20.31Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.314.50 m2More than 0.367 m211.26
Sliding Door B1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m214.62 m20.17Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.622.52 m2More than 0.367 m25.87
Caregiver roomWindow D3000 × 1500 mm4.50 m214.62 m20.31Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.314.50 m2More than 0.367 m211.26
Individual Group
Aged families
Bedroom 2Sliding Door D1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m214.62 m20.17Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.622.52 m2More than 0.731 m22.45
Window D2500 × 1500 mm3.75 m214.62 m20.26Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.423.75 m2More than 0.731 m24.13
Business GroupEntertainment roomWindow E2500 × 1500 mm3.75 m214.62 m20.26Less than or
equal to 0.4
0.353.75 m2More than 0.49 m26.65
BalconySliding Door D1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m214.62 m20.17Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.622.52 m2More than 0.49 m24.14
Window D2500 × 1500 mm3.15 m214.62 m20.22Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.513.15 m2More than 0.49 m25.43
Friends GroupEntertainment roomWindow D2500 × 1500 mm3.15 m214.62 m20.22Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.513.15 m2More than 0.731 m23.31
Beginning familyLiving roomSliding Door B1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m214.70 m20.17Less than or
equal to 0.4
0.582.52 m2More than 0.367 m25.87
Expanding familyWindow B1500 × 2100 mm3.15 m214.70 m20.21Less than or
equal to 0.4
0.483.15 m2More than 0.367 m27.58
Contracting family
Individual Group
Business Group
Aged familiesLiving roomWindow B3000 × 1500 mm4.50 m230.28 m20.15Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.674.50 m2More than 0.733 m25.14
All customer groupsBathroomSliding Door C800 × 2100 mm1.68 m24.8 m20.35Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.221.68 m2More than 0.12 m213
Window C600 × 1500 mm0.9 m24.8 m20.19Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.580.9 m2More than 0.12 m26.5
All customer groupsKitchenSliding Door B1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m29.9 m20.25Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.442.52 m2More than 0.49 m24.14
All customer groupsBedroom 1Sliding Door A1200 × 2100 mm2.52 m211.288 m20.22Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.512.52 m2More than 0.56 m23.5
Window A2500 × 1500 mm3.75 m211.288 m20.33Less than or
equal to 0.45
0.273.75 m2More than 0.56 m25.70
Source: authors.
Table 9. The touristic apartment unit model opening layout for four primary customer clusters.
Table 9. The touristic apartment unit model opening layout for four primary customer clusters.
Customer ClusterLayout
Family GroupBeginning familyBuildings 15 02427 i008
Expanding familyBuildings 15 02427 i009
Contracting familyBuildings 15 02427 i010
Aged familiesBuildings 15 02427 i011
Individual GroupBuildings 15 02427 i012
Business GroupBuildings 15 02427 i013
Friends GroupBuildings 15 02427 i014
Source: authors.
Table 10. Correspondence between passive design methods and mechanisms affecting carbon emission indicators.
Table 10. Correspondence between passive design methods and mechanisms affecting carbon emission indicators.
Passive Design MethodsPassive Design MethodsCarbon Emission Indicators
RASKDHJGFV
EavesOptimal method
Low-E Glass
Rotating hoods
Wall Greening
Casement
Window
Painting with light-colored materialsVariable
method
Adjustable sunshade components
Transparent or translucent sliding doors
Reflecting board
Adjustable Reflectors
Shutters
Adjustable shutter
Dimmable glass
Note: ↑ indicates an increase, and ↓ indicates a decrease. Source: authors.
Table 11. Energy design strategies for zero-energy house openings at various stages of FLC.
Table 11. Energy design strategies for zero-energy house openings at various stages of FLC.
Customer ClusterSpatial Function ChangesExtra FactorsPassive Design MethodsCarbon Emission Indicators
VentilationDaylighting
Family GroupBeginning familyBedroom 2 to Entertainment room NormalNormalEavesK, H, J
Low-E GlassJ
Rotating hoodsV
Wall GreeningR, A, J, G
Casement
Window
R, A, J, G, V
Expanding familyBedroom 2 to Children’s bedroomHighHighEavesK, H, J
Low-E GlassJ
Rotating hoodsV
Wall GreeningR, A, J, G
Casement
Window
R, A, J, G, V
Bedroom 2 to Entertainment roomPainting with light-colored materialsR, J
Transparent or translucent sliding doorsR, J
Reflecting boardJ
ShuttersR, A, J, K
Dimmable glassA, J
Contracting family——NormalNormalEavesK, H, J
Low-E GlassJ
Rotating hoodsV
Wall GreeningR, A, J, G
Casement
Window
R, A, J, G, V
Aged familiesBedroom 2 to Living roomHighHighEavesK, H, J
Low-E GlassJ
Rotating hoodsV
Wall GreeningR, A, J, G
Casement
Window
R, A, J, G, V
Bedroom 2 to Caregiver roomAdjustable sunshade componentsR, A, J, G
Transparent or translucent sliding doorsR, J
Adjustable ReflectorsJ
ShuttersR, A, J, K
Adjustable shutterV
Dimmable glassA, J
Individual Group——NormalNormalEavesK, H, J
Low-E GlassJ
Rotating hoodsV
Wall GreeningR, A, J, G
Casement
Window
R, A, J, G, V
Business GroupBedroom 2 to Entertainment roomHighHighEavesK, H, J
Low-E GlassJ
Rotating hoodsV
Wall GreeningR, A, J, G
Casement
Window
R, A, J, G, V
Bedroom 2 to BalconyPainting with light-colored materialsR, J
Adjustable sunshade componentsR, A, J, G
Adjustable ReflectorsJ
Adjustable shutterV
Dimmable glassA, J
Friends GroupBedroom 2 to Entertainment roomNormalNormalEavesK, H, J
Low-E GlassJ
Rotating hoodsV
Wall GreeningR, A, J, G
Casement
Window
R, A, J, G, V
Source: authors.
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Wang, Y.; Wang, F.; Yang, Y.; Sun, X.; Dong, D. Research on Design Strategy for Zero-Carbon Touristic Apartment Openings Based on Building Life Cycle. Buildings 2025, 15, 2427. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142427

AMA Style

Wang Y, Wang F, Yang Y, Sun X, Dong D. Research on Design Strategy for Zero-Carbon Touristic Apartment Openings Based on Building Life Cycle. Buildings. 2025; 15(14):2427. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142427

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Yiru, Fangyuan Wang, Yang Yang, Xun Sun, and Dekun Dong. 2025. "Research on Design Strategy for Zero-Carbon Touristic Apartment Openings Based on Building Life Cycle" Buildings 15, no. 14: 2427. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142427

APA Style

Wang, Y., Wang, F., Yang, Y., Sun, X., & Dong, D. (2025). Research on Design Strategy for Zero-Carbon Touristic Apartment Openings Based on Building Life Cycle. Buildings, 15(14), 2427. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142427

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