Integrating an Eco-Feedback Strategy to Enhance the Indoor Environmental Quality and Sleep Quality in Italian Bedrooms
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Objective Measurement of Indoor Environmental Quality
2.4. Subjective Assessment of Sleep Quality
2.5. Information Campaign and Eco-Feedback Strategy
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Indoor Environmental Quality Parameters and Sleep Quality of the Subjects
3.2. Eco-Feedback Effectiveness
3.3. Significance and Limitations
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subject | Sex | Age | Type of Occupancy | Behavioral Changes Adopted After the Information Campaign |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | M | 57 | Shared the bedroom with subject 2 | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep; no longer used the fireplace |
2 | F | 56 | Shared the bedroom with subject 1 | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep; no longer used the fireplace |
3 | F | 62 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | |
4 | F | 53 | Shared the bedroom with subject 5 | |
5 | M | 53 | Shared the bedroom with subject 4 | |
8 | F | 46 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep and slept with the bedroom door open |
9 | F | 48 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | |
10 | F | 64 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep and kept the kitchen window open while cooking |
11 | F | 58 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep and slept with the bedroom door open |
12 | F | 24 | Single occupancy | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep and slept with the bedroom door open |
13 | F | 50 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep |
14 | F | 48 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep and slept with the bedroom door open |
17 | M | 39 | Shared the bedroom with subject 18 | Slept with the bedroom window open |
18 | F | 26 | Shared the bedroom with subject 17 | Slept with the bedroom window open |
19 | F | 25 | Shared the bedroom with subject 20 | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep |
20 | F | 20 | Shared the bedroom with subject 19 | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep |
21 | M | 50 | Shared the bedroom with subject 22 | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep |
22 | F | 46 | Shared the bedroom with subject 21 | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep |
23 | M | 54 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep and kept the kitchen window open while cooking |
24 | M | 46 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | |
26 | M | 45 | Single occupancy | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep; turned down the volume of the radio |
27 | F | 59 | Shared the bedroom with subject 28 | Slept with the bedroom door open |
28 | M | 59 | Shared the bedroom with subject 27 | Slept with the bedroom door open |
29 | M | 56 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | Slept with the bedroom door open |
30 | M | 43 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep |
31 | M | 59 | Single occupancy | |
32 | M | 32 | Single occupancy | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep |
34 | F | 43 | Shared the bedroom with subject 35 | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep and slept with the bedroom door open |
35 | M | 50 | Shared the bedroom with subject 34 | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep and slept with the bedroom door open |
36 | M | 55 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | |
37 | M | 61 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | |
38 | F | 53 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | Slept with the window of the adjacent bathroom open |
40 | F | 45 | Shared the bedroom with a subject not involved in the study | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep |
41 | M | 52 | Single occupancy | Opened the bedroom window for a few minutes before going to sleep |
Subject | CO2 (ppm) | Relative Humidity (%) | Temperature (℃) | Sound Pressure Level, LAeq (dBA) | Peak Noise, Time at >45 dB (s) | Sleep Quality | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | Baseline | Follow-Up | |
1 | 1075 (916–1144) | 1085 (901–1217) | 58 (55–60) | 62 (58–64) | 19.6 (18.7–20.7) | 20.2 (19.8–20.8) | 39.5 | 40.6 | 203 | 1036 | 9 | 6 |
2 | 1075 (916–1144) | 1089 (922–1217) | 58 (55–60) | 62 (59–64) | 19.6 (18.7–20.7) | 20.2 (19.8–20.7) | 39.5 | 40.6 | 203 | 1036 | 1 | 1.5 |
3 | 1032 (725–1829) | 844 (726–1228) | 61 (59–66) | 63 (58–64) | 18.3 (17.4–19.9) | 19 (18.5–19.9) | 5.5 | 3 | ||||
4 | 2460 (1489–2856) | 1919 (1384–2321) | 64 (60–66) | 63 (59–64) | 18.0 (17.5–18.9) | 18.7 (18.1–19.4) | 1 | 0.5 | ||||
5 | 2469 (1684–2877) | 1922.5 (1331–2323) | 64 (60–66) | 63 (60–64) | 17.9 (17.5–19.2) | 18.7 (18.1–19.4) | 2 | 1.5 | ||||
8 | 2001 (1845–2055) | 1941 (1526–2006) | 55 (53–56) | 57 (54–57) | 20.4 (20–20.6) | 20.3 (20–20.5) | 33.0 | 35.0 | 166 | 85 | 6.5 | 0 |
9 | 2731 (2206–3320) | 1853 (1691–1986) | 69 (67–73) | 72 (71–72) | 15.8 (15–16.5) | 15.5 (14.9–17.1) | 40.5 | 39.8 | 218 | 88 | 2.5 | 5.5 |
10 | 1246 (1044–1541) | 1239 (1095–1471) | 54 (53–56) | 56 (54–57) | 19.1 (18.2–20.2) | 19.2 (18.4–20.2) | 0.5 | 0 | ||||
11 | 1404 (1123–1474) | 1341 (997–1457) | 60 (58–62) | 61 (59–63) | 16.9 (16.4–18.3) | 17.4 (16.9–18.6) | 4.5 | 1 | ||||
12 | 1086 (791–1152) | 968 (828–1390) | 58 (57–61) | 51 (50–53) | 18 (17.2–18.9) | 19.3 (18.2–21) | 37.4 | 36.1 | 73 | 69 | 7 | 5 |
13 | 1603 (1350–1690) | 1633 (1158–1920) | 63 (62–65) | 64 (60–65) | 20.5 (20.1–20.8) | 18.9 (18.2–20.0) | 6 | 3 | ||||
14 | 942 (688–1091) | 999 (653–1192) | 54 (52–56) | 52 (48–55) | 20.8 (20.4–21.5) | 20.8 (20.4–21.6) | 38.0 | 37.7 | 246 | 25 | 1.5 | 2 |
17 | 1866 (1179–2369) | 904 (763–1033) | 61 (54–65) | 56 (51–57) | 16.4 (15.9–17.05) | 17.9 (17.5–18.8) | 31.7 | 32.7 | 471 | 555 | 1 | 8 |
18 | 1833 (785–2341) | 885 (796–1053) | 61 (52–65) | 55 (47–57) | 16.6 (15.9–17.4) | 18.1 (17.5–20.5) | 32.9 | 33.8 | 1060 | 770 | 0 | 0 |
19 | 1397 (1194–1561) | 1477 (1394–1585) | 62 (60–64) | 63 (61–64) | 18.5 (18.3–19.1) | 19 (18.8–19.4) | 38.1 | 38.1 | 7 | 14 | 6 | 3.5 |
20 | 1365 (1108–1558) | 1450 (1241–1561) | 62 (60–64) | 63 (59–64) | 18.6 (18.2–19.3) | 19.1 (18.8–19.7) | 38.3 | 38.0 | 63 | 9 | 3.5 | 8 |
21 | 2496 (1240–3305) | 2402 (1387–3160) | 63 (58–65) | 57 (53–59) | 19.9 (19.8–20.3) | 19.7 (19.6–19.8) | 39.5 | 39.7 | 493 | 442 | 4.5 | 3 |
22 | 2526 (1250–3333) | 2408 (1432–3189) | 63 (58–65) | 57 (53–59) | 19.9 (19.8–20.3) | 19.7 (19.6–19.8) | 39.4 | 39.7 | 504 | 441 | 8.5 | 7 |
23 | 2262 (2045–2420) | 1640 (1398–1880) | 72 (71–75) | 68 (66–71) | 18.9 (18.6–19) | 18.4 (18.4–18.9) | 33.1 | 33.5 | 378 | 379 | 1.5 | 2 |
24 | 2043 (1386–2471) | 1900 (1234–2502) | 67 (64–70) | 69 (67–71) | 17.9 (17.4–19.2) | 17.1 (16.6–17.8) | 41.6 | 41.9 | 2831 | 3117 | 12 | 14 |
26 | 1127 (842–1456) | 980 (683–1314) | 57 (54–59) | 54 (49–55) | 20.7 (19.88–21.2) | 20.5 (19.8–21) | 47.7 | 40.0 | 2566 | 593 | 5 | 10 |
27 | 1110 (691–1288) | 1094 (628–1332) | 61 (53–62) | 63 (57–63) | 19.2 (19–19.3) | 19.0 (18.6–19.3) | 39.7 | 40.4 | 130 | 166 | 11 | 2.5 |
28 | 1165 (847–1468) | 1130 (850–1458) | 57.5 (53–61) | 62 (57–63) | 19.2 (18.9–19.3) | 18.9 (18.6–19.2) | 45.3 | 46.5 | 2421 | 3904 | 1.5 | 2 |
29 | 1237 (956–2227) | 1434 (964–1785) | 59.5 (54–64) | 61 (60–62) | 18.9 (18.7–18.9) | 18.4 (18.4–18.6) | 33.7 | 47.6 | 38 | 1009 | 3 | 1 |
30 | 918 (785–981) | 974 (871–1083) | 55 (54–56) | 55 (54–61) | 21.1 (19.52–21.5) | 20.1 (19.08–20.5) | 40.1 | 40.4 | 448 | 260 | 0 | 0 |
31 | 795 (707–834) | 857 (835–876) | 60 (59–61) | 58 (58–58) | 19.8 (19.3–20.1) | 18.2 (17.9–18.8) | 50.4 | 50.6 | 3385 | 3640 | 6 | 8 |
32 | 1480 (856–1904) | 1391 (758–1706) | 61 (57–66) | 60 (58–61) | 22.0 (21.8–22.3) | 21.6 (21.3–21.6) | 42.0 | 41.6 | 461 | 180 | 1.5 | 7 |
34 | 2135 (1568–2463) | 2056 (1387–2618) | 57 (56–59) | 64 (61–64) | 18.9 (18.7–19.2) | 19.7 (19.5–20.1) | 38.9 | 38.9 | 80 | 118 | 9 | 3.5 |
35 | 2206 (1612–2481) | 2078 (1733–2575) | 57 (56–59) | 64 (62–64) | 19.0 (18.7–19.2) | 19.7 (19.6–20.1) | 38.9 | 38.2 | 80 | 7 | 6.5 | 8.5 |
36 | 899 (806–993) | 1274 (864–1469) | 58 (55–59) | 64 (61–66) | 21.4 (20.6–21.5) | 20.6 (20.4–20.7) | 38.6 | 38.8 | 98 | 73.5 | 2 | 1.5 |
37 | 909 (482–1115) | 1133 (864–1273) | 53 (49–56) | 60 (59–61) | 21.4 (20.8–21.8) | 21.1 (20.5–21.3) | 43.9 | 37.3 | 2390 | 518 | 1.5 | 7.5 |
38 | 886 (670–1104) | 776 (492–850) | 58 (56–65) | 55 (54–56) | 21.4 (21.2–21.6) | 21.7 (21.5–21.8) | 44.8 | 50.7 | 3025 | 967 | 1 | 0 |
40 | 975 (785–1298) | 952 (788–1046) | 62 (60–63) | 61 (59–62) | 20.7 (20.5–20.8) | 21.5 (21.4–21.6) | 45.7 | 43.7 | 1905 | 846 | 1 | 1 |
41 | 747 (585–971) | 767 (725–802) | 61 (59–65) | 56 (53–56) | 23.7 (23.4–23.9) | 23.2 (23.1–23.2) | 46.6 | 40.0 | 5647 | 418 | 3 | 5 |
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Solomon, M.T.; Canale, L.; Stabile, L.; D’Oliveira, A.; Andrade, A.; Buonanno, G. Integrating an Eco-Feedback Strategy to Enhance the Indoor Environmental Quality and Sleep Quality in Italian Bedrooms. Buildings 2025, 15, 2269. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132269
Solomon MT, Canale L, Stabile L, D’Oliveira A, Andrade A, Buonanno G. Integrating an Eco-Feedback Strategy to Enhance the Indoor Environmental Quality and Sleep Quality in Italian Bedrooms. Buildings. 2025; 15(13):2269. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132269
Chicago/Turabian StyleSolomon, Michael T., Laura Canale, Luca Stabile, Anderson D’Oliveira, Alexandro Andrade, and Giorgio Buonanno. 2025. "Integrating an Eco-Feedback Strategy to Enhance the Indoor Environmental Quality and Sleep Quality in Italian Bedrooms" Buildings 15, no. 13: 2269. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132269
APA StyleSolomon, M. T., Canale, L., Stabile, L., D’Oliveira, A., Andrade, A., & Buonanno, G. (2025). Integrating an Eco-Feedback Strategy to Enhance the Indoor Environmental Quality and Sleep Quality in Italian Bedrooms. Buildings, 15(13), 2269. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132269