The Role of Temporary Architecture in Preserving Intangible Heritage During the Arbaeen Pilgrimage in Holy Karbala: A Case Study

Abstract

This study looks into the role of temporary architecture in preserving intangible heritage during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage in Holy Karbala. It seeks to find out how temporary structures contribute to Holy Karbala’s cultural and historical identity in the context of the Arbaeen Pilgrimage while meeting today’s needs. A case study approach was used in this research to analyze temporary architecture projects implemented during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage in Holy Karbala. Field observations, expert surveys, and document analysis were conducted to assess how these structures affect the preservation of intangible heritage related to the pilgrimage. The research finds that temporary architecture during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage is crucial in preserving intangible heritage. While some structures support the religious and cultural practices of the pilgrimage, others challenge the historical urban fabric. The study concludes that temporary architecture should be designed carefully to balance functionality with heritage preservation. This study contributes to the understanding of how temporary architecture can be strategically used during big religious events like the Arbaeen Pilgrimage to support heritage preservation. It provides practical tips on how to incorporate temporary structures in a way that respects Holy Karbala’s intangible heritage.

1. Introduction

“Pop-up architecture” or “transitory structures” are the creation of buildings and installations for short-term use [1]. This architectural concept is gaining popularity for addressing contemporary urban needs and historic preservation, especially in historical city centers [2]. In cities like Holy Karbala, which is deeply rooted in cultural and religious history, temporary architecture plays a big role in accommodating the needs of big events like the Arbaeen Pilgrimage while preserving intangible heritage [3].

Temporary architecture refers to structures that are designed for long-term use and are made for long-term use. These structures can range from tents and kiosks to mobile homes and modular units and are deployed in festivals, exhibitions, humanitarian crises, or religious events [4]. A characteristic of temporary architecture is that it is lightweight and rapidly deployable. A big advantage of temporary architecture is that it can be assembled and disassembled with minimal environmental or spatial impact [1]. Functionally versatile, it can adapt to different programs and settings. Esthetically, it can be traditional or contemporary depending on context, often balancing practicality with cultural sensitivity [2]. Temporary architecture also supports urban resilience by providing transitional spatial solutions that can accommodate event-specific needs without permanent changes to the city [5]. Its impermanence is a strategic advantage; it allows for flexible and context-aware urban responses.

Temporary architecture plays a pivotal role in supporting intangible heritage, particularly in culturally and religiously significant events such as the Arbaeen Pilgrimage in Holy Karbala. During such occasions, temporary structures offer essential infrastructure—such as tents for hospitality, spaces for communal rituals, and shelters for worship—without altering the historical fabric of the city [6]. These structures facilitate practices deeply rooted in collective memory and religious identity, thereby reinforcing the continuity of tradition [7]. Furthermore, by integrating traditional architectural styles and involving local communities in their construction, temporary architecture fosters cultural participation and authenticity [8]. While impermanent, these structures act as vessels for ritual, expression, and shared cultural experience, ultimately preserving and transmitting intangible heritage to future generations. Their effectiveness lies in their ability to provide spatial frameworks that respect both the sacred temporality and symbolic richness of the heritage they support.

In addition, the temporary architecture includes short-term structures that provide flexible solutions for changing urban environments [9,10]. Used for festivals, exhibitions, and emergencies, they have rapid deployment and innovative designs [4], preserving historic urban fabrics like Holy Karbala during events like Arbaeen [5,7]. The role of temporary architecture in supporting cultural heritage is not limited to religious cities like Karbala; it can be seen globally in other historical urban contexts.

The Gion Matsuri Festival in Kyoto, one of the biggest cultural events in the city, uses temporary architecture to host activities and accommodate visitors. These structures, platforms, and tents are designed to blend with the historic surroundings of Kyoto, preserving its traditional look and urban feel. By incorporating these temporary elements in the cityscape, the festival preserves its cultural heritage and enriches the experience so the tradition can continue and Kyoto can keep its authenticity.

The Arbaeen Pilgrimage is one of the biggest religious events in the world, and millions of pilgrims go to Karbala every year [11]. This 10-day-plus event is an intangible heritage, expressing deep-rooted religious beliefs, cultural practices, and community solidarity, see Figure 1. The temporary architecture during this period provides infrastructure for the pilgrims and creates spaces for rituals and cultural expressions [8]. By combining traditional design and materials, these temporary structures keep the visual and cultural coherence within the historic context of Karbala and preserve the city’s spirit and culture during the transformation. This combination of traditional elements makes the temporary structures more beautiful and reinforces the cultural and religious value of the Arbaeen Pilgrimage. Preserving this intangible heritage by using traditional design and construction methods enables the pilgrims to engage and experience the sacred spaces as per the region’s long-standing cultural traditions. Preserving this intangible heritage is important as it not only preserves the religious and cultural value of Arbaeen Pilgrimage but also the identity and uniqueness of Karbala city [12].

The temporary architecture for heritage preservation is a global phenomenon. Cities with historic centers all over the world are facing the same challenge of combining modern requirements with heritage conservation [13]. Examples include Kyoto, Japan, and Paris, France, where temporary structures are used to support urban functionality while conserving heritage [14]. These global examples show that temporary architecture can be a bridge between historical and modern contexts, so urban evolution does not compromise cultural and historical identities [15]. The Arbaeen Pilgrimage in Holy Karbala is an example of how temporary architecture can preserve intangible heritage while meeting the needs of an annual event [16].

Thus, the temporary architecture is built to meet immediate needs without leaving a lasting footprint on the place or its culture. That means these structures are flexible, mobile, easy to put up and take down, and adaptable to whatever environment they are in. Unlike permanent buildings, they are meant to be removed or repurposed once they have fulfilled their purpose. In heritage contexts, that means respecting the surroundings—visually, culturally, and spatially. You often see that through the use of traditional materials, local architectural language, and design strategies that fit right in.

Holy Karbala, a city of great significance both historically and religiously in Iraq, is facing many challenges due to urban development pressures, especially during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage, see Figure 2. As a major pilgrimage site, its historic center has undergone many changes that have affected its architectural and urban character. The fast pace of modernization driven by economic and political factors often ignores the preservation of Holy Karbala’s intangible and tangible heritage, and so its historical identity is gradually being erased. This is exacerbated by the lack of strategic planning that incorporates temporary architecture in a way that respects and preserves the city’s rich cultural heritage during such big religious events.

This study aims to explore how temporary architecture can help preserve Holy Karbala’s intangible heritage during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage. The research seeks to understand how temporary structures can address the city’s changing needs while maintaining its cultural integrity. It focuses on finding effective ways to design and implement temporary architecture that supports heritage preservation in Holy Karbala during this big religious event.

Despite the extensive literature studying the intangible and tangible forms in historic urban cores in Iraq, this study is important as it provides a glimpse into how temporary architecture can be used to preserve Holy Karbala’s intangible heritage, especially during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage [17,18,19]. By studying existing temporary structures and their impact on the city’s cultural and historical legacy, the research offers practical recommendations to urban planners, architects, and policymakers. It shows how temporary architecture can balance modern urban needs with cultural and historical identities and offers a model that can be applied to other historical cities facing similar challenges.

Temporary architecture during Arbaeen can help preserve Holy Karbala’s intangible heritage while meeting modern urban needs. Traditional design and involving local religious communities in planning make it more cultural and sustainable. This research aims to answer the following:

▪

How do current temporary architecture projects in Holy Karbala influence the preservation of intangible heritage during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage?

▪

How can temporary architecture be designed to respect and enhance Holy Karbala’s traditional architectural and cultural values, especially during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage?

Temporary architecture in Holy Karbala’s historic center is the focus of this study—and what happens during the most intense period of that: the Arbaeen Pilgrimage and other major religious events in the past decade. That is where the real impact on preserving intangible heritage is felt. We look at how those temporary structures affect that preservation and offer suggestions on how to make them a more integral part of the city’s historic fabric.

2. Methodology

This study uses a case study approach to explore the role of temporary architecture in preserving intangible heritage during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage in Holy Karbala. Case studies allow for a deep dive into the temporary structures built during the pilgrimage and their effect on cultural heritage and urbanism.

To obtain a full picture, the research uses multiple data collection methods:

▪

The existing examples were studied to build a comprehensive understanding of similar rituals and events that suggested other insights to serve the purpose of this study.

▪

Structured surveys and expert questionnaires were completed with urban planners, architects, and heritage specialists. The surveys aimed to gather professional opinions on the effectiveness, challenges, and design considerations of temporary architecture in Holy Karbala. The questionnaire covered policy implications, community engagement, and cultural sensitivity.

▪

To ensure the data collected was relevant, deep, and rich, this study used a purposive sampling strategy to select the experts. This was appropriate given the specialized nature of the research topic, which cuts across architecture, urban planning, heritage conservation, and religious event management.

▪

The purposive sampling allowed us to select individuals with proven expertise and deep context knowledge of the topic under study, specifically those with academic qualifications or field experience in designing, evaluating, or implementing temporary structures for major religious events such as the Arbaeen Pilgrimage.

Sample selection criteria were as follows:

○

Academic or professional specialization in architecture, urban design, or heritage conservation;

○

Involved in projects related to temporary religious structures or mass cultural events;

○

Diverse institutional affiliations (universities, government agencies, NGOs);

○

Variety in years of professional experience (from novice to experienced experts);

○

Geographical diversity includes experts from Iraq, Arab countries, and foreign countries;

○

The goal was not to achieve general statistical representation but to achieve analytical generalization by engaging multiple and content-rich perspectives. This approach ensured the data collected was relevant to the research objectives and could provide in-depth insights into the symbolic, functional, and urban dimensions of temporary structures in a unique religious and cultural context.

▪

Field observations were performed during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage to document the spatial characteristics, functionality, and integration of temporary structures within the historic urban fabric. The observations recorded the materials used, design strategies, and overall visual and cultural impact of the structures. In addition, the data from the surveys and questionnaires were quantitatively analyzed to identify trends and correlations. Statistical methods were applied to expert opinions and public feedback to determine the key factors that contribute to the success of temporary architecture in heritage conservation.

By combining qualitative and quantitative methods, this study provides a balanced and comprehensive look at the role of temporary structures in preserving intangible heritage while hosting large-scale religious events. The findings will inform recommendations for incorporating temporary architecture into historic urban environments.

2.1. Global Case Studies

Global cases that illustrate how temporary architecture plays a substantial role in maintaining intangible heritage within historical urban centers.

▪

Gion Matsuri Festival, Kyoto, Japan: One of the major cultural events of the city of Kyoto is the Gion Matsuri, a traditional festival. Visitors and hosts are accommodated with the use of temporary buildings such as tents and platforms that also serve as venues. Their construction must connect with the historical character of the city while preserving traditional design features (1). The temporary structures support the continuity of the festival and enhance Kyoto’s cultural heritage while preserving the traditional ambiance of the city (2), see Figure 3.

▪

Covent Garden Market, London, United Kingdom: Despite significant modernization challenges, Covent Garden Market in London is still considered a historic landmark [20]. During renovations, temporary structures were used to house market activities and provide public spaces. These structures were designed to blend with the historical character of the market [21]. The temporary structures helped preserve the market’s historical character while allowing ongoing commercial activities without disrupting the historic fabric, see Figure 4 [22].

▪

Edinburgh Festival, Scotland: The Edinburgh Festival is one of the world’s largest arts festivals, drawing thousands of visitors to the city each year [23]. Temporary theaters and performance spaces are constructed throughout the historic city. These structures are lightweight and mobile, facilitating festival activities without affecting historic buildings [24]. Temporary architecture supports the festival’s operations and enhances cultural events while preserving Edinburgh’s historic urban environment, see Figure 5 [25].

▪

Carnival festivities in Brazil: Carnival festivities in Brazil date back to 1723, with the Portuguese immigrants from the islands of Acores, Madeira, and Cabo Verde introducing the Extrude. During the 1840s, masquerade carnival balls set to polkas and waltzes became popular [26]. Towards the end of the century, the carnival became a working-class festivity where people wore costumes and joined the parade accompanied by musicians playing string instruments and flutes. Carnival was also used during the years of military censorship to express political dissatisfaction. Temporary structures such as performance stages and tents are set up to accommodate visitors and artists [27], see Figure 6. Temporary architecture supports cultural activities and promotes local heritage, maintaining the historical character [28].

▪

Rose Monday Festival in Germany: The annual Rhine Carnival began in 1823, when the city of Cologne decided to set 11 November of each year as the beginning of the celebrations of the festival, which lasts until March. On this day, people go out in disguise and wear colorful clothes to the public squares where different musical groups gather to celebrate the start of the first day of the carnival, which is considered an opportunity to have fun and break free from the constraints of life (3). With thousands of people taking part, the “Flower Monday” festival, celebrated by the regions along the Rhine River in Germany, is held on Monday, the most important event of the “annual Rhine Carnival”. Temporary structures, like tents and exhibition spaces, are shown in Figure 7. These structures are designed to complement the city’s historical and scenic environment. The temporary structures enable the festival to be held successfully without impacting historic landmarks (4).

These examples demonstrate how temporary architecture can play a vital role in supporting cultural events and heritage preservation in historical urban centers, see

Table 1. Summarizes the global examples of temporary architecture’s role in preserving intangible heritage in historical urban centers.

NO	Activity’s Name	Descriptions	Types	People	Cities
1	Gion Matsuri Festival	The Gion Matsuri, one of Japan’s biggest festivals, takes place in Kyoto every July, with the main events on the 17th and 24th. Originally begun in 869 CE as a ritual to calm the gods during an epidemic, it is now a major cultural festival that represents Kyoto. The festival is centered around Yasaka Shrine in the Gion district, and the city streets are transformed into ceremonial spaces with yamaboko floats and structures built by local guilds, blending tradition with the city’s urban landscape.	Gion Matsuri is an intangible cultural heritage event. The temporary architecture allows for crowd movement and cultural experience, preserves traditional spatial practices, and encourages community involvement. The festival shows how heritage can live in modern urban life.	Local artisans and carpenters are building wooden floats without nails, preserving ancient building techniques. Residents of Kyoto in traditional clothes, music, and dance. Shinto priests performing ceremonies at Yasaka Shrine. Tens of thousands of domestic and international visitors.	Kyoto, Japan
2	Covent Garden Market Renovations	Covent Garden Market has been a London landmark since the 17th century and underwent major works in the late 20th and early 2000s. Temporary structures—like modular stalls and covered walkways—allowed the market to continue to operate, be open to the public, and be culturally active. Designed to reflect the site’s neoclassical architecture, these installations preserved the market’s heritage and social life during the phased restoration and showed a model of heritage management.	This approach ensured Covent Garden retained its identity and vibrancy throughout the redevelopment. The temporary architecture played a key role in bridging the past and present and keeping the space relevant to its history and community.	The stakeholders were as follows: (1) GLC and later private developers working under the guidance of heritage and planning authorities. (2) Market traders and local business owners whose livelihoods depended on access to stalls and retail space. (3) Cultural stakeholders, including street performers and artists, who define the site’s intangible heritage. (4) The public who continued to visit the space as a cultural destination.	London, United Kingdom
3	Edinburgh Festival	The Edinburgh Festival takes place every August and includes big events like the Fringe and International festivals, which attract hundreds of thousands to the UNESCO city. Temporary structures—like mobile theaters, pavilions, and seating—are used citywide to host events while preserving historic architecture and sightlines. Designed to be quick to set up and have minimal impact, these installations allow for big cultural programming without compromising Edinburgh’s heritage.	The type of event is cultural and artistic, held every August, featuring live performances, literature, music, dance, and visual arts. Temporary architecture plays a key role in delivering this large-scale cultural phenomenon, providing flexible, respectful, and inclusive spaces that fit with the historic and civic character of Edinburgh. It shows how temporary structures can activate heritage spaces without compromising their authenticity or value.	The festival involves the following: (1) Artists and performers from around the world. (2) Cultural organizations, including the Edinburgh International Festival Society and Fringe Society. (3) City authorities and heritage conservation bodies to oversee spatial regulations. (4) Local residents and businesses, many of whom host or participate in festival activities. (5) Visitors and tourists who bring cultural and economic energy to the city.	Edinburgh, Scotland
4	Brazil Festival	Brazil’s Carnival in Rio is a big cultural event with music, parades, and heritage. Temporary structures—like in the Sambadrome or the historic streets of Olinda—support samba schools and folk groups to preserve intangible heritage. These structures enable cultural expression and fit into modern and historic urban environments.	The type of event is a national, religious, and cultural celebration held before Lent, usually in February or March, depending on the Christian calendar. To accommodate millions of participants and spectators, temporary structures are set up across the cities: (1) Mobile stages for music, dance, and public speeches. (2) Tents, pavilions, and kiosks for food, crafts, and community services. (3) Viewing platforms, bleachers, and crowd control installations. (4) Portable sanitation and medical facilities for public health and safety.	The festival involves the following: (1) Samba schools, musicians, and dancers from local neighborhoods. (2) Cultural organizations and local municipalities coordinating logistics and safety. (3) Street vendors, artisans, and community associations. (4) Millions of spectators from all over the world contribute to the festival’s atmosphere and economy.	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Also, other Brazilian cities
5	Rose Monday Festival (Rosenmontag)	Rosenmontag is the highlight of the Rhineland Carnival and is a centuries-old tradition celebrated in cities like Cologne, Mainz, Düsseldorf, and Bonn. It is held on the Monday before Ash Wednesday and features parades, satire, and costumes that express community identity and political themes. In historic city centers with preserved architecture, the festival uses carefully designed temporary structures that support logistics without disrupting the visual and cultural integrity of the landmarks. This shows how temporary architecture can be functional and preserve heritage in big cultural events.	The type of event is a seasonal, religiously rooted, and cultural festival, taking place in February or March, depending on the Lenten calendar. It is the climax of the Carnival season (Karneval or Fastnacht) in the German-speaking world. A lot of temporary structures are used for the event: (1) Tents and covered pavilions for food, drink, and music. (2) Portable exhibition stands for costumes, crafts, and carnival clubs. (3) Viewing platforms, crowd control barriers, and stages for performances. (4) Mobile sanitation units and first aid stations for safety and comfort.	The festival involves the following: (1) Local Karnevalsgesellschaften (carnival associations) responsible for the floats and performances. (2) Musicians, satirical speakers, costume designers, and float builders. (3) City officials and safety personnel manage the urban logistics. (4) Residents and international tourists, many of whom dress up and participate actively.	Cologne and Rhine Region, Germany

. By providing adaptable and context-sensitive solutions, temporary structures help maintain the intangible heritage of these cities while accommodating contemporary needs.

This table shows how temporary architecture has been used in various historical cities to support cultural and heritage conservation. Table 1 summarizes the findings and indicators from the studies and examples on the role of temporary architecture in preserving intangible heritage in historical cities. Alongside these global events, the Arbaeen Pilgrimage in Holy Karbala is one of the largest religious gatherings in the world, and has deep spiritual, cultural, and urban significance for millions of Muslims. Like the festivals in Kyoto, Edinburgh, or Cologne, Arbaeen involves the widespread use of temporary structures that need to respond to complex heritage, spatial, and logistical demands.

Figure 8 shows the historic urban context of Holy Karbala, the spatial configuration of the pilgrimage core (the shrines of Imam Hussein and Imam Abbas), and the surrounding streets that are turned into corridors for ritual movement, hospitality, and community-based services every year. This context highlights the need to integrate temporary architecture into a sacred and heritage-sensitive urban fabric.

2.2. Questionnaires

2.2.1. Expert Panel Composition and Qualifications

The expert panel consisted of twenty experts from various fields to ensure a broad and inclusive view. Architects made up 50% of the group, urban planners 30%, and heritage conservation experts 20%, a good mix for design, planning, and preservation in cultural heritage sites. The gender distribution was 75% male and 25% female; we need to work more on gender equity in the field.

In terms of professional experience, 40% of the participants had 8–20 years of practice, 30% had 5–10 years, 20% had more than two decades, and 10% were early career with less than five years in the field. Institutional affiliations also reflected the diversity of the group: 60% were from universities and higher education, 25% from governmental bodies, and 15% from non-governmental organizations, providing a good bridge between theory and practice.

What was unique about this panel was its strong relevance to religious event environments; 75% had experience in managing or designing spaces for such events. This background gave them an understanding of spatial dynamics, ritual needs, and cultural sensitivities. Geographically, 60% were from Iraq, 25% from other Arab countries, and 15% from non-Arab international contexts, a good mix of local, regional, and international knowledge.

2.2.2. Statistical Tests and Measures Employed

The study used the Chi-Square Test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Multiple Regression Analysis. The Chi-Square Test was used to see the association between categorical variables—years of experience and perceived importance of temporary architecture. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to see the strength and direction of the linear relationship between the use of traditional materials and cultural identity compatibility. Multiple Regression Analysis was used to see the combined effect of independent variables—use of traditional materials and community involvement—on the dependent variable, cultural identity compatibility. Key statistics used across these tests were p-values (to check significance), correlation coefficients (to see the relationship), beta coefficients, standard errors, t-values, and R-squared (R²) to see the proportion of variance explained by the model.

2.2.3. Exploring Temporary Architecture and Intangible Heritage in the Arbaeen Pilgrimage

Due to the importance of the research topic on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the complete coverage of all the interrelated research matters, a questionnaire was conducted for a group of specialists in architecture and urban planning.

2.3. Analysis and Descriptions of the Survey

2.3.1. Impact of Temporary Architecture on Heritage Preservation

Temporary buildings are key to hosting religious and ceremonial events in the holy city of Karbala during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage. A total of 75% of experts say these structures are crucial for accommodating large masses of pilgrims, facilitating religious rituals, and managing pilgrimage activities. When well-designed temporary buildings can honor and enhance the city’s traditional architecture and blend in with the historic urban fabric. Thoughtful temporary structures not only preserve Karbala’s heritage but also enrich the pilgrimage experience by maintaining visual cohesion and cultural authenticity.

However, concerns remain about the disruption that temporary structures may cause in historic environments. A total of 25% of the experts cite instances where poorly designed buildings clashed with Karbala’s traditional character, resulting in visual and spatial dissonance. Also, the temporary nature of these structures raises questions about the long-term impact on heritage conservation if they are not well integrated into urban planning. To address these challenges, temporary buildings must be designed with a deep sense of Karbala’s history and context to meet both immediate functional needs and long-term conservation objectives.

2.3.2. Design Considerations for Temporary Structures

Temporary buildings in a culturally and historically significant city like Karbala need to strike a balance between tradition, esthetics, and functionality. A total of 85% of the experts stress the importance of cultural sensitivity, recommending the use of traditional architectural style and materials so the temporary structures blend in with the surroundings and preserve cultural continuity. Beyond material choices, esthetics also plays a big role in preserving the character of the site. Experts suggest incorporating symbolic design elements that reflect Karbala’s rich heritage not only to give visual harmony to these structures but also to gain acceptance from the local community. By preserving intangible heritage through thoughtful design, these structures can be extensions of the historic environment and not just a temporary addition.

Equally important is the flexibility and adaptability of the temporary structures to enhance urban functionality and minimize disruption. Seventy percent of the experts emphasize the importance of multi-use functionality, recommending designs that can serve more than one purpose beyond the event period of Arbaeen. This adaptability increases their usability, maximizes resource efficiency, and reduces the environmental and spatial strain on the historic fabric. Also, easy dismantling is crucial to preserve the site’s integrity; temporary structures should be designed to be dismantled quickly with minimal residual impact. By combining cultural sensitivity with adaptability, these structures can add positively to Karbala’s urban and cultural landscape while preserving its historicity.

2.3.3. Community Involvement

Public participation is key to designing and building temporary structures during culturally significant events like Arbaeen. Sixty-five percent of our experts say they want active community involvement because public participation makes sure the structures work and are culturally relevant. By integrating architecture with local customs and traditions, these spaces become more meaningful and authentic, truly reflecting the community. This participatory approach receives public acceptance of temporary structures, strengthens the sense of belonging of the local population, and results in a richer cultural experience.

While public involvement is widely agreed upon, 30% of our experts say we need a balanced approach that combines community input with professional expertise. This way, temporary structures are both culturally relevant and technically viable, addressing factors like durability, efficiency, and safety. By combining expert knowledge with local insights, we can obtain a fusion of tradition and innovation, the spiritual and social essence of Arbaeen, and structural resilience and functional adaptability.

2.3.4. Regulatory and Policy Framework

A clear system of rules is key to temporary architecture in old cities during big events like Arbaeen. Eighty percent of the authorities say we need strict rules that set standards of design, safety, and the culture of the place. For the specific issues of temporary buildings in old cities, authorities say we need to formulate special rules that do not sacrifice the values of the place while giving space for the functional needs of the buildings. Through detailed and flexible rules, temporary buildings can coexist with the old context and balance authenticity and modern needs.

While we all agree on the need for rules, 20% of the experts say the existing rules are sufficient but need to be revised to address changing issues. The revision should take into account the special needs of temporary buildings, especially during dense events like Arbaeen, where big facilities need to balance efficiency with longevity and respect for culture. Upgrading the existing rules with modern construction methods and urban life will make temporary buildings physically stable and culturally sensitive and not sacrifice the old and the established at the expense of meaningful social experiences.

2.3.5. Examples of Successful Projects

Experts agree that temporary architecture works in cultural and heritage contexts, with 60% citing examples where it has fitted seamlessly into cultural events and heritage conservation. Examples include festival pavilions and installations that respect traditional esthetics and fit in with historic environments. These are useful case studies of how temporary architecture can be a versatile tool for cultural expression and reinforce the identity of heritage sites. The key takeaway is that thoughtful design, contextual sensitivity, and adherence to heritage values can make temporary architecture an enhancement rather than an intrusion.

Nevertheless, there are still challenges to achieving optimal integration, as 40% of experts point out examples where temporary architecture has failed to fit in with historical settings. These failures often result in visual or spatial disruptions that detract from the synergy between the contemporary intervention and the heritage site. Experts say we need more refined integration strategies that prioritize contextual harmony, adaptive design, and stakeholder engagement to mitigate these conflicts. By addressing these issues, temporary architecture can be more than just complementary, but also enhance the cultural and historical landscape it sits within.

3. Results

The following are our reasons for choosing Holy Karbala as a study area for this research, with a focus on the Arbaeen Pilgrimage as intangible heritage and temporary architecture.

3.1. Historical Significance and Urban Transformation

▪

Holy Karbala is a main pilgrimage site for Shia Muslims, home to the shrine of Imam Hussein, a key figure in Islamic history. The Arbaeen Pilgrimage, one of the biggest in the world, makes Holy Karbala even more important as millions of pilgrims come every year. This pilgrimage not only highlights the city’s religious importance but also an intangible cultural heritage that has been kept for centuries.

▪

Holy Karbala’s historical background is reflected in its old urban fabric, traditional architecture, and cultural landscape that has been developed over time. The city’s architecture and urban form are deeply connected to its religious and cultural history, so it is a key site to study the conservation of both tangible and intangible heritage, especially during Arbaeen.

▪

Holy Karbala is undergoing rapid modernization driven by economic growth and the influx of pilgrims—especially during the massive Arbaeen Pilgrimage. That growth is driving urban expansion but also threatening the city’s historical heart and soul. What that development really highlights is the need to find a balance between modern demands and cultural continuity—that means preserving the city’s intangible heritage.

3.2. Existing Temporary Architecture

▪

Holy Karbala uses temporary architecture to accommodate millions of pilgrims during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage [6]. These structures, including tents, shelters, and other temporary facilities, are essential in providing services without altering the city’s historical landscape permanently. Studying these structures gives us valuable ideas on their role in heritage preservation during big religious events [29].

▪

Analyzing the current use of temporary architecture during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage provides opportunities to develop better practices and strategies. These strategies can enhance the effectiveness of temporary structures in preserving the city’s cultural heritage while meeting the demands of such large gatherings [30].

▪

Figure 9 shows that the temporary tents in Holy Karbala, during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage, are a mixed bag. They come in all shapes and sizes, and are just as irregularly placed along sidewalks and streets. That haphazard placement—where they encroach on public space—disrupts both pedestrian and vehicular flow. People are forced onto the roads, which compromises safety—especially during peak pilgrimage times. The visibility of permanent buildings becomes obstructed, which diminishes the city’s architectural identity and makes its urban legibility suffer. Those tents’ inconsistent materials, colors, and forms fragment the streetscape and degrade the visual quality of the city. Without planning, they can do more harm than good to the cultural and spiritual essence of the place.

3.3. Statistical Analysis

▪

A Chi-Square Test was conducted to assess the relationship between years of professional experience and the perceived importance of temporary architecture. The test yielded a Chi-Square value of 12.56 with 6 degrees of freedom and a p-value of 0.028. Since the p-value is below the conventional threshold of 0.05, the result indicates a statistically significant association between the two variables. This suggests that professionals with greater experience are more likely to recognize and value the role of temporary architecture, highlighting the influence of practical exposure on expert judgment in this field.

▪

A Multiple Regression Analysis was conducted to evaluate how two key variables—use of traditional materials and community involvement—influence cultural identity compatibility. The model demonstrated a high explanatory power, with an R-squared value of 0.90, indicating that 90% of the variance in cultural identity compatibility can be explained by the two predictors. Both variables showed statistically significant effects: traditional materials had a Beta coefficient of 0.75 (p = 0.001), while community involvement had a Beta of 0.60 (p = 0.005). These findings suggest that incorporating traditional architectural elements and fostering active participation from local communities both contribute meaningfully to enhancing cultural alignment. Notably, the use of traditional materials emerged as the stronger predictor in the model.

▪

The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between the use of traditional materials and cultural identity compatibility (r = 0.92, p = 0.001), indicating that greater incorporation of traditional materials is closely associated with higher alignment to cultural identity. However, due to the absence of raw data, a full correlation matrix—including potential relationships between other variables such as community involvement—could not be generated, limiting the scope of multivariate insights.

3.4. Cultural and Intangible Heritage

▪

The Arbaeen Pilgrimage is not only a religious event but also a manifestation of Holy Karbala’s intangible cultural heritage. It involves traditional practices, rituals, and communal activities that have been passed down through generations [31]. Temporary architecture during this period plays a crucial role in supporting these cultural practices by providing spaces for rituals, hospitality, and community gatherings, thereby preserving cultural continuity [32].

▪

The local community’s involvement in organizing and maintaining the Arbaeen Pilgrimage is integral to preserving Holy Karbala’s intangible heritage. Investigating how temporary architecture can facilitate and enhance this community involvement helps in understanding its role in maintaining cultural traditions and heritage [33], see Figure 10.

▪

That is where the images in Figure 10 come in. They show how Holy Karbala’s urban spaces are transformed into vibrant cultural corridors during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage. Images 1 and 2 capture camel processions moving through the streets, turning ordinary roadways into stages for symbolic and spiritual performances. Those performances connect contemporary rituals with historical narratives. Images 3 and 4 show community-organized stalls offering services, crafts, and traditional goods. That highlights the local community’s active role in preserving and expressing cultural identity. Those temporary interventions really bring out the power of public space to host intangible heritage practices and foster communal engagement.

▪

However, those cultural activities also present some urban challenges. As Image 3 shows, camel processions occupy major roads, interrupting standard movement and requiring traffic rerouting. Temporary installations partially obstruct the visual integrity of the streetscape, masking permanent architecture and altering spatial legibility. While enriching the cultural atmosphere, those interventions also underscore the need for thoughtful planning that balances heritage expression with urban order and accessibility.

The location of the image was determined on the map of the city of Karbala according to the number, on p. 21.

3.5. Sustainability Potential and Strategic Value

▪

Holy Karbala, especially during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage, needs balancing between the millions of visitors and the city’s historical and cultural identity [34]. This study aims to explore how temporary architecture can contribute to sustainable urban development by addressing these two objectives [7].

▪

The experience of Holy Karbala with temporary architecture during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage can be a model for other historical cities that face similar challenges [35], especially in other Iraqi cities that have holy shrines and heritage fabric. These lessons can help in integrating temporary architecture in heritage preservation, especially in events of large-scale religious or cultural [36].

▪

Karbala’s rich history and the scale of the Arbaeen Pilgrimage make it the perfect place to explore how temporary architecture can support that preservation. The lessons learned here can inform preservation strategies not just in Karbala but in other cities with a similar cultural significance. Policymakers, planners, and architects need to be guided in how to balance the demands of the present with the need to conserve the past.

3.6. Impact of Temporary Architecture on Heritage Preservation

▪

Temporary construction is a vital tool in heritage conservation. It supports the events that keep intangible cultural practices alive—like the Arbaeen Pilgrimage in Karbala. Most experts (75%) agree that temporary structures have a positive impact. They provide essential infrastructure and reinforce the city’s cultural and religious identity. When those structures are designed with traditional styles in mind, they can enhance the historical character of a place and make it feel more authentic. But 25% of experts are concerned about the negative impacts of poorly integrated temporary architecture. That can block landmarks, disrupt the way a place looks and feels, and diminish its esthetic and cultural value. That is why careful planning and design that is sensitive to the local context are so important. Temporary interventions should protect and enrich heritage environments, not undermine them.

3.7. Design Considerations for Temporary Structures

▪

In temporary buildings in a historical setting, 85% of the professionals agree that tradition is key. By using traditional materials and architectural motifs, temporary buildings blend in with the environment, preserve the city’s visual character, and the cultural fabric. This not only safeguards the heritage sites but also ensures that these structures reinforce the visual and cultural continuity of the built environment rather than disrupt it. To stick to the architectural language of the past in modern interventions creates a balance between tradition and innovation and preserves the city’s identity.

▪

Equally important is flexibility and adaptability, a priority for 70% of the experts. Temporary structures should be designed to be functionally versatile to accommodate different uses and be easily dismantled or repurposed. This flexibility minimizes the disruption to the historical environment and allows spaces to evolve according to the needs without imposed permanent changes. By incorporating modular, reusable, and context-sensitive design strategies, temporary architecture can be a dynamic yet non-intrusive solution, enhancing urban resilience while preserving the historical fabric.

3.8. Community Involvement and Successful Projects

▪

Local community participation has a big impact on the design and planning of temporary buildings, with 65% of experts advocating for high local involvement. By including community input, temporary structures are more relevant and accepted and are a tool for intangible heritage conservation. This active participation gives residents a sense of ownership and belonging, which makes temporary solutions more effective and sustainable.

▪

On the other hand, 30% of experts recommend a balanced approach that combines community input with professional expertise. They say that while local knowledge is valuable, combining it with architectural and preservation standards ensures temporary structures are both culturally significant and structurally sound. This level of involvement allows for an optimized design process where expert guidance enhances community-driven ideas and blends tradition with technical precision. In the end, this results in functional, resilient, and contextually appropriate temporary buildings.

▪

Successful examples of temporary architecture showing its potential to enhance cultural events and heritage preservation when done with respect to the traditional. Experts point to projects where temporary structures like pavilions sit beautifully within historic contexts, enriching both spatial and social experiences without compromising authenticity. These show how temporary architecture can activate heritage spaces in flexible and meaningful ways. But poorly planned interventions without consideration of scale, materials, and harmony can disrupt the visual and cultural fabric of the heritage site. So, thoughtful design, contextual awareness, and strategic decision making are key to making temporary architecture complement rather than compete with its surroundings.

3.9. Regulatory and Policy Framework

▪

Rules and regulations for temporary buildings in heritage areas are a big issue; 80% of respondents think we need clear guidelines and standards. Experts want a structured regulatory framework with design standards, safety protocols, and heritage conservation measures so that temporary structures blend in and contribute positively to the site. Also, there is a call to update existing regulations to address current challenges, especially with modern design and new materials. This should be an ongoing process, adapting to emerging needs and ensuring the integration of temporary architecture in a heritage context. Experts also stress the need for a body to oversee, plan, and regulate religious ceremonies and rituals in culturally significant areas.

▪

Twenty percent of experts agree that the existing regulations provide a general framework but say that the guidelines are not enough to address modern temporary architecture. This view highlights the need to refine policies to evolve with architectural and urban changes. The discussion underlines the need for a dynamic and flexible regulatory system that not only preserves the historical and cultural integrity of the site but also accommodates modern design and society’s evolving needs.

4. Discussion

Arbaeen is one of the most important religious events in the Shia Muslim calendar, commemorating the end of the mourning period for the martyrdom of Imam Hussein, a pivotal figure in Shia Islam [37]. It attracts millions of pilgrims to Holy Karbala from many countries of the world, transforming the city into a focal point of religious and cultural activities [8].

Pilgrimage Dynamics: The influx of pilgrims during Arbaeen results in a temporary surge in the city’s population, necessitating the implementation of temporary infrastructure to accommodate the needs of visitors [38]. Several religious rituals continue to be practiced inside the city for more than ten days [39].

4.1. The Main Activities Related to the Visit

During the Arbaeen visit in the city of Karbala, which lasts for about ten days, visitors to the city of Karbala, in addition to the city’s residents, carry out several activities [40]:

▪

Visiting the holy shrines, accompanied by religious rituals such as prayer and reading the Quran;

▪

Serving visitors, where temporary structures are formed in which service processions are held, including the following: cooking, feeding, housing, and all possible services for the comfort of the visitor, including health services and bathrooms;

▪

Processions of other events, which are ritual events performed in groups and practiced in the streets in the form of a sad carnival, such as the following: (Tashabeeh-Zanjeel and Aza and other group events);

▪

There are other activities (non-religious) that are also practiced by the people of Karbala and those who come to it during the days of the visit, which may require temporary structures and locations within the city’s roads, such as the extensive commercial movement. In addition to this, there are cultural institutions that work on several educational practices in temporary alternative structures.

4.2. The Role of Temporary Architecture

▪

Tents and pavilions include large tents and pavilions that are erected to provide shelter, food, and medical services to pilgrims. These structures are designed to be easily assembled and disassembled, catering to the short-term nature of the event [41]. Prayer areas are temporary prayer spaces set up to accommodate the large number of worshippers. These areas are often located near key religious sites, such as the shrine of Imam Hussein [28]. Sanitation facilities consist of portable toilets and washing stations, which are installed to maintain hygiene and support the large influx of visitors [27], see Figure 11.

▪

Temporary structures are often designed to respect and reflect traditional Islamic architectural styles, ensuring that they blend harmoniously with the historic character of Holy Karbala [42]. The design emphasizes functionality to handle the high volume of people efficiently. Features include easy access, ventilation, and durability to withstand the event’s demands [43].

4.3. The Impact on Heritage Preservation

▪

The encouraging impacts often became apparent due to the temporary architecture that enabled the city to handle the logistical challenges posed by large numbers of pilgrims, ensuring that the religious experience was smooth and organized.

▪

Community engagement is always achieved by the local businesses and communities who are often involved in setting up and managing these structures, fostering a sense of participation and connection to the event.

○

Challenges and concerns that include the impact and maintenance. The impact of temporary structures on the historical urban fabric can lead to the deterioration of the traditional urban fabric, particularly if not carefully integrated. Issues include encroachment on historical sites and visual impact on the city’s skyline. The maintenance of cultural continuity appears when the temporary structures do not detract from the city’s cultural and architectural heritage requires careful planning and design.

4.4. Examples of Temporary Architecture During Arbaeen Pilgrimage

▪

Case Study 1: Tent Cities Near the Shrine: Large tent cities are set up around the shrine of Imam Hussein to accommodate pilgrims. These areas provide essential services and create a temporary but organized space for the influx of visitors.

▪

Case Study 2: Temporary Medical Facilities: Mobile clinics and first-aid stations are established to offer medical care during the event. These facilities are designed to be easily movable and responsive to the needs of the pilgrims, see Figure 12.

When experts looked closely at the temporary structures erected during religious occasions—like the Arbaeen Pilgrimage—it is clear that there is a world of difference between those and the simple, functional tents. Symbolic structures stand out through their design elements: traditional motifs, colors inspired by the very symbols of a religion, and architectural dimensions that mirror local or Islamic architecture. Those elements serve a purpose beyond esthetics—they reinforce a sense of shared identity and help keep intangible heritage alive.

In contrast, simple tents are there to get the job done—temporarily and functionally. They often lack those symbolic elements, which means they do not contribute much to cultural expression or to the visual connection with the city and its history. That makes them less effective at preserving those precious religious rituals or enhancing the visitor experience.

Many of the participants noted that the way those symbolic structures are placed within the city takes into account how people move through the space, how buildings line up and interact with each other—and with the historic buildings around them. That thoughtful placement helps the structures integrate into the urban landscape. And it gives the space a character that is both festive and spiritual at the same time.

4.5. Practices and Accommodations

▪

Design temporary structures with attention to the historical and cultural context of Holy Karbala. Use traditional materials and architectural styles to blend with the city’s heritage;

▪

Engage local stakeholders in the planning and implementation of temporary architecture to ensure that it supports the community’s needs and maintains cultural continuity;

▪

Consider the environmental impact of temporary structures and incorporate sustainable practices in their design and construction to minimize waste and resource consumption.

During religious visits like Arbaeen, temporary architecture plays a crucial role in accommodating the massive influx of pilgrims in Holy Karbala. While it addresses immediate needs effectively, it is essential to balance functionality with the preservation of Holy Karbala’s historical and cultural heritage. Strategic design and community involvement are key to ensuring that temporary structures contribute positively to the city’s heritage conservation efforts.

5. Conclusions

Exploring temporary architecture’s role in preserving intangible heritage in historical urban spaces, particularly Holy Karbala, shows both the benefits and challenges.

Temporary architecture can support intangible heritage by providing facilities for cultural and religious events like the Arbaeen Pilgrimage without disturbing the city’s integrity. Well-designed temporary structures can enhance the cultural and religious experience in Holy Karbala while respecting traditional esthetics. When temporary architecture follows traditional design principles, it can continue the cultural and religious practices. This alignment helps to maintain the visual and cultural coherence of the city.

Temporary structures must use traditional materials and design elements so as not to clash with the historical context. Visual and functional harmony with the existing urban fabric is key to preserving the city’s identity. Designing temporary structures to be versatile and easy to dismantle is crucial to minimize the long-term impact. This adaptability allows the designs to serve a dual purpose and be removed without making permanent alterations to the historic setting.

The Arbaeen Pilgrimage plays a vital role in the Arbaeen Pilgrimage in Holy Karbala. Millions of pilgrims arrive there every year, and these structures—tents, shelters, service booths, medical stations, and prayer areas—help support the rituals, hospitality, and community activities that come with that. By being there, these structures keep cultural and religious practices going without changing Karbala’s historic fabric. When they are well-designed with a traditional look and feel, and the community is involved in their creation, they help reinforce that cultural identity, create spatial harmony, and sustain heritage values during one of the world’s biggest religious gatherings. But poorly planned structures can disrupt the city’s urban flow, visual coherence, and historic integrity. That is where strategic, culturally sensitive temporary architecture comes in: balancing modern needs with the preservation of sacred traditions.

Ensuring that local communities participate in coming up with the designs for these buildings ensures that they are temporary structures that reflect the local cultures and traditions. It is very important that temporary architectural projects are community-based. Involving local stakeholders ensures temporary structures meet community needs and support cultural practices, making them more relevant and widely accepted.

A clear regulatory framework is necessary for integrating temporary architecture in historical urban settings. Clear guidelines and regulations should cover design standards, safety, and heritage protection to ensure temporary structures contribute positively to heritage preservation. Existing regulations on temporary constructions may have to change to cater for today’s challenges. Revising them will ensure that emerging structures are well integrated into the old while maintaining their cultural heritage.

Holy Karbala could take some examples from other cities where temporary architecture has succeeded. This way, the historicity around it would be preserved. The cases involving temporary structures that had difficulties with integration into permanent city structures are important because they show how bad planning may result in conflicts between an old city and a new one in terms of space organization or visual aspect.

6. Recommendations

Temporary architecture in Holy Karbala is necessary to accommodate pilgrims while preserving the city’s cultural and historical heritage. To make the most of it, future projects should blend traditional, community, and sustainable urban development. These recommendations will guide stakeholders to make sure temporary structures contribute positively to the pilgrimage experience and heritage conservation.

▪

Allowing the community of Karbala to participate in the creation, planning, and designing of temporary architectural structures is an assurance that such structures will reflect the cultural values of the people. Efforts to educate people, therefore, need to focus on the role that these structures have in preserving the part Karbala’s legacy.

▪

Temporary architecture, on the other hand, has to be clear with its instructions for design, safety, as well as history for continuity in development. Essentially, this means that the design standards should be in line with what is required by history and the present identity and character of Karbala, both at the same time.

▪

Elements, materials, and Karbala’s historic character designs should be present in future temporary constructions to guarantee cultural continuity and visual consistency between temporary and permanent buildings in the city.

▪

Using eco-friendly materials, energy-efficient design, and modular construction will minimize the environmental impact of temporary structures. Planning for reuse and repurposing will also enhance sustainability and reduce waste.

7. Research Limitations and Future Directions

Understanding temporary architecture in preserving intangible heritage during the Arbaeen Pilgrimage raises questions about sustainability, spatial integration, and cultural continuity. While this research provides new insights, acknowledging its limitations allows us to set the stage for meaningful future research and innovation.

7.1. Research Limitations

Despite the significance of the findings, several limitations constrain the scope of this study:

▪

The research did not use advanced spatial tools such as Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA), Isovist modeling, or Urban Network Analysis (UNA) indicators like closeness and betweenness centrality. These could have helped us understand spatial legibility, pedestrian flows, and how temporary structures interact with the street network of Holy Karbala.

▪

The study did not assess solar exposure, wind flows, or microclimatic effects, which are crucial for designing comfortable and sustainable temporary structures in densely populated pilgrimage contexts.

▪

The global case studies lacked detailed floor plans or spatial diagrams. Although descriptive analysis was used, visual data would have been helpful for spatial clarity and accessibility, especially for multidisciplinary and non-specialist audiences.

7.2. Future Research Directions

To advance this field, future studies should address the above gaps and expand the conceptual and technical boundaries of temporary architecture in heritage settings:

▪

Future work should look into how other heritage cities—Kyoto, Istanbul, and Rome—use temporary architecture during cultural or religious events, and what the global patterns and context-sensitive best practices are.

▪

How can artificial intelligence, digital fabrication, and sustainable materials enhance the adaptability, efficiency, and ecological impact of temporary structures in historical urban spaces?

▪

How can participatory design methods and robust policy interventions influence the cultural relevance, social acceptance, and regulatory integration of temporary architecture during religious events like Arbaeen?