Robustness of Corner-Supported Modular Steel Buildings with Core Walls
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Gravity-Induced Progressive Collapse
3. Simulated Modular Building
4. Response under Module Loss Scenario
4.1. Four-Story Structure
4.2. Eight-Story Structure
4.3. Twelve-Story Structure
5. Parametric Investigation
5.1. Inter-Module Connection: Stiffness and Strength Change
5.2. Intra-Module Connection: Pin/Rigid, Plastic Hinges, and Anti-Collapse Remediation
6. Conclusions
- Unlike low-rise traditional steel buildings, four-story MSBs are robust against corner module removal. No columns buckle at the base level, and no plastic hinges appear in structural members. In addition, in the corner module removal scenario, inter-module connections showed a significant safety factor in all cases, so no inter-module failure was observed.
- In 12-story MSBs, where many columns collapse simultaneously, the core wall has a minimal impact on robustness because there might not be enough time for load sharing. However, eight-story MSBs benefited from the core wall system and maintained their robustness. The core wall helps the robustness of MSBs in two ways: the first is enhancing load sharing when the core is located at the center (zone 1); the second is reducing lateral displacements, provided that the core wall is directly connected to the modules above the missing module (zone 2 or 3).
- Softening horizontal inter-module connections can worsen or improve the performance of the remaining modules against gravity-induced progressive collapse. In an eight-story modular building, 50% and 90% of softening in HCs accelerated and delayed the progressive collapse, respectively, by increasing flexibility. However, this was accompanied by many connection failures that led to the collapse of the whole building. Therefore, choosing an optimized inter-module connection stiffness is essential for the robustness of MSBs.
- Preventing plastic hinges from forming can be considered as an anti-collapse mechanism. It turned the unstable bare-frame eight-story MSB’s response against the corner module removal scenario into a robust one.
- In the corner module removal scenario, the early set of plastic hinges formed in the ceiling beams of the first elevation (in the X direction), which means structural members in this region have higher participation in carrying redistributed loads.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Connection | Axial Failure Force | Shear Failure Force |
---|---|---|
Vertical (VC) | 1700 KN | 2000 KN |
Horizontal (HC) | 1200 KN | 2000 KN |
Case No. | Story No. | Building Frame Types |
---|---|---|
1 | 4 | Bare frame (4 s) |
2 | 8 | Bare frame (8 s) |
3 | 8 | Bare frame + shear core at zone 1 (8 sw1) |
4 | 8 | Bare frame + shear core at zone 2 (8 sw2) |
5 | 8 | Bare frame + shear core at zone 3 (8 sw3) |
6 | 12 | Bare frame (12 s) |
7 | 12 | Bare frame + shear core at zone 1 (12 sw1) |
8 | 12 | Bare frame + shear core at zone 2 (12 sw2) |
9 | 12 | Bare frame + shear core at zone 3 (12 sw3) |
Cases | Stability State | Main Reasons |
---|---|---|
(1) 4 s | stable | No column buckling |
(2) 8 s | collapsed | Buckling C#1 and C#2 |
(3) 8 sw1 | stable | Less redistributed load in C#2 |
(4) 8 sw2 | stable | Less lateral displacements |
(5) 8 sw3 | stable | C#2 constrained with concrete core |
(6) 12 s | collapsed | Several columns buckling |
(7) 12 sw1 | collapsed | Several columns buckling |
(8) 12 sw2 | collapsed | Several columns buckling |
(9) 12 sw3 | collapsed | Several columns buckling |
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Hajirezaei, R.; Sharafi, P.; Kildashti, K.; Alembagheri, M. Robustness of Corner-Supported Modular Steel Buildings with Core Walls. Buildings 2024, 14, 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010235
Hajirezaei R, Sharafi P, Kildashti K, Alembagheri M. Robustness of Corner-Supported Modular Steel Buildings with Core Walls. Buildings. 2024; 14(1):235. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010235
Chicago/Turabian StyleHajirezaei, Ramtin, Pejman Sharafi, Kamyar Kildashti, and Mohammad Alembagheri. 2024. "Robustness of Corner-Supported Modular Steel Buildings with Core Walls" Buildings 14, no. 1: 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010235
APA StyleHajirezaei, R., Sharafi, P., Kildashti, K., & Alembagheri, M. (2024). Robustness of Corner-Supported Modular Steel Buildings with Core Walls. Buildings, 14(1), 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010235