Experimental and Numerical Characterization of Non-Proprietary UHPFRC Beam—Parametric Analyses of Mechanical Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Fibre Type | Diameter (μm) | Length (mm) | Density | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Elongation (%) | Melting/Decomposition Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PVA | 39 | 8–12 | 1600 | 42.8 | 6 | 230 |
PBO * | 13 | 6 | 5800 | 180–270 | 2.5–3.5 | 650 |
Carbon | 6.8–20 | 3–18 | 525–4660 | 33–268 | 0.8–2.4 | 1150–1200 |
Steel | 150–1000 | 13–25 | 350–2000 | 210 | 2–4 | >1425 |
PE | 24–38 | 12 | 1950–3000 | 39–100 | 3.1–8.0 | 150 |
Basalt | 15–16 | 12 | 2230–4840 | 85.8–89.0 | 2.85–3.15 | >1400 |
Glass | 6–20 | 3–6 | 2000–4000 | 70–80 | 2.0–3.5 | >1400 |
Aramid | 12 | 6 | 3400 | 74 | 4.5 | 500 |
PET | 38 | 12 | 1095 | 10.7 | 22 | 255 |
PP | 12–41 | 6–12 | 850–928 | 2.7–9.0 | 7.3–30 | 160 |
Nylon | 8 | 19 | 966 | 6 | 18 | 220 |
Fibres | Crack Width (μm) | Cost | Other Information |
---|---|---|---|
Aramid | 10–30 | High | Structural, low ductility |
Basalt | - | Low | Structural, low ductility |
Carbon | - | High | Structural, low ductility. Self-sensing |
Glass | - | Low | Structural, low ductility |
Nylon | >100 | Comparable to PVA | Structural, high ductility |
PBO | 10–30 | High | Structural, low ductility. high strength |
PE | 50–150 | High | Structural, high ductility. High strength |
PET | 150–200 | Low | Non-structural |
PP | 70–260 | Low | Structural, high ductility. low strength |
PVA | <100 | - | General structural applications |
Steel | 10–30 | High | Structural, low ductility. High strength |
Ref. | Geometrical Parameters | Volume (%) | Tensile Performance | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Length (mm) | Diameter (μm) | Shape | Strength (MPa) | Strain Capacity (%) | ||
Li et al. [4] | 6–20 | 150 | Straight | 2.3 | 8 | 0.49 |
Wille et al. [5] | 13–30 | 200, 300, 380 | Twisted-Hooked | 2.5 | 12.4 | 0.49 |
Naaman [6] | 30 | 300 | Twisted | 2 | 13.6 | 1.25 |
Maalej and Li [7] | 6 | 150 | Straight | 1 | 4 | Quasi-brittle |
El-Tawil [8] | 30 | 300, 380 | Twisted-Hooked | 2 | 8.7 | 0.52 |
Tran and Kim [9] | 30 | 300, 375 | Twisted-Hooked | 1 | 6 | 0.50 |
Kanakubo [10] | 15 | 200 | Straight | 2 | 12.4 | 0.09 |
Naaman and Homrich [11] | 30 | 500 | Deformed-Hooked | 12 | 28 | 1.00–2.00 |
2. Experimental Program
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mixing Procedure
2.2.1. Compression Tests
2.2.2. Flexural Tests
3. Numerical Analysis
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Sensitivity Analyses
4.1.1. Mesh Size
4.1.2. Compressive Strength
4.1.3. Modulus of Elasticity
4.1.4. Tensile Strength and Crack Width
4.2. Size Effect, Fracture Energy, and Failure Pattern in 4PBTs
4.3. Three-Point Bending
4.4. Modelling of Size Effect
4.5. Cost Analysis
5. Conclusions
- −
- UHPFRC shows satisfactory tensile strength (i.e., 10 MPa) and ductility, provided by the inclusion of MS fibres. Failure of specimens was characterized by the rupture of MS fibres.
- −
- The inverse analysis approach was adopted, which successfully captured the flexural response of the beams.
- −
- Finer mesh sizes result in stiffer responses of the beams; however, the impact is insignificant.
- −
- The model was insensitive to variations in compressive strength, as the compressive strength of the specimen is well greater than the compressive stress sustained by them. Increasing the modulus of elasticity by 25% contributed only 4.62% to the load capacity. On the other hand, tensile strength is the most important parameter, as its variation led to notable changes of up to 50.25% when changed from 10 MPa to 14 MPa in the flexural load-deflection response of the beams.
- −
- Size variations led to significant changes in the response of the beams, with the energy absorption being the most sensitive to the changes. Doubling the effective depth led to an improvement of 295% in the load capacity, while doubling the overall dimensions led to an increase of 280%.
- −
- Linear relationships (with over 0.96) exist between the energy absorption parameter and variations of tensile strength, depth, and overall size of the beam.
Recommendation for Future Works
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cement | Silica Fume | |
---|---|---|
61.33 | 0.38 | |
6.40 | 0.25 | |
21.01 | 96 | |
3.12 | 0.12 | |
3.02 | 0.10 | |
2.30 | - | |
Specific surface area (cm2/g) | 3413 | 200,000 |
) | 3.15 | 2.10 |
Water | Cement | Silica Fume | Silica Sand | Silica Flour | Superplasticizer | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.2 | 160.3 | 788.5 | 197.1 | 867.4 | 236.6 | 52.6 * |
Type | (mm) | (mm) | (MPa) | (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Straight micro steel (MS) | 13 | 0.16 | 2700 | 200 |
Sample ID | Bazant and Chen [71] | Kim and Yi [73] | Carpinteri and Chiaia [72] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | A | B | ||||||||
4PBT | 2.146 | 772.514 | 0.960 | 2618.805 | 1,390,098 | −2616.700 | 0.9753 | 231.460 | 10,326.170 | 0.815 |
3PBt | 2.473 | 424.179 | 0.941 | 14.241 | 0.390 | 1.3648 | 0.981 | 220.435 | 19,266.440 | 0.979 |
Material | Price per kg (Rial) |
---|---|
Portland Cement | 3500 |
Silica Sand | 1000 |
Silica Fume | 12,000 |
Quartz Powder | 15,000 |
Superplasticizer | 200,000 |
Steel Fibre | 250,000 |
Water | Almost free |
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Osgouei, Y.B.; Tafreshi, S.T.; Pourbaba, M. Experimental and Numerical Characterization of Non-Proprietary UHPFRC Beam—Parametric Analyses of Mechanical Properties. Buildings 2023, 13, 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061565
Osgouei YB, Tafreshi ST, Pourbaba M. Experimental and Numerical Characterization of Non-Proprietary UHPFRC Beam—Parametric Analyses of Mechanical Properties. Buildings. 2023; 13(6):1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061565
Chicago/Turabian StyleOsgouei, Younes Baghaei, Shahriar Tavousi Tafreshi, and Masoud Pourbaba. 2023. "Experimental and Numerical Characterization of Non-Proprietary UHPFRC Beam—Parametric Analyses of Mechanical Properties" Buildings 13, no. 6: 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061565