Geopolymers as Sustainable Material for Strengthening and Restoring Unreinforced Masonry Structures: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Collection and Sources of Literatures
2.1. From the ScienceDirect Database
2.2. From the Scopus Database
3. Geopolymerization Process and Components of Geopolymers
- i.
- Dissolution of SiO2, Al2O3 and calcium sources (CaSO4 and CaO).SiO2 + Al2O3 + OH− → SiO2 (OH)22− or SiO(OH)3−1 + Al(OH)4−CaSO4, CaO → Ca2+ +SO42− + OH−
- ii.
- Precipitation reactionsCa2+ + SiO2 (OH)22− or SiO(OH)3−1 + Al(OH)4− → CASH gelNa+ + SiO2 (OH)22− or SiO(OH)3−1 + Al(OH)4− → NASH gel
3.1. Alkali Activators
3.2. Precursors
3.3. Additives
4. Geopolymer Characterization Methods
4.1. Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation (FT-IR) Spectroscopy
4.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)
4.3. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) Method
4.4. X-ray Fluorescence Analyis
4.5. X-ray Diffraction Analysis
4.6. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
- Dissolution of raw materials into mass monomers.
- Initial polymerization.
- Polymer collapse and quick rearrangement are brought about by dehydration.
- Subsequent polymerization persists mostly on fragmented bonds of the structure.
4.7. Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP)
5. Geopolymers as a Strengthening and Restoration Material
5.1. Geopolymers as a Strengthening Material
5.2. Geopolymers as a Restoration Material
6. Geopolymers Used as Grouting
7. Sustainability of Geopolymers in Unreinforced Masonry Structures (URMs)
8. Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymers (FRG) Used as Unreinforced Masonry Structures (URMs)
8.1. Natural Fibers
8.2. Synthetic Polymers
8.3. Metallic Fibers
8.4. Other Inorganic and Organic Fibers
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition (%) | Source | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Na2O | MgO | MnO | P2O5 | K2O | SO3 | TiO2 | ZrO2 | CaO | Fe2O3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coal Fly Ash (Class F) | [65] | 56.5 | 22.5 | 0.48 | 3.16 | 1.49 | 0.86 | 10.2 | 5.78 | ||||
Coal Fly Ash (Class C) | [49] | 38.8 | 19.5 | 0.87 | 1.84 | 26.2 | 2.87 | ||||||
Coal Bottom Ash | [66] | 39.4 | 34.3 | 1.57 | 1.19 | 0.90 | 6.3 | 15.0 | |||||
Palm oil fuel Ash | [67] | 46.2 | 10.4 | 7.28 | - | 0.67 | 7.4 | 5.47 | |||||
Rice Husk Ash | [66] | 78.0 | 0.54 | 0.50 | 1.94 | 0.25 | 1.14 | 0.16 | |||||
Ceramic Waste Powder | [68] | 72.8 | 12.2 | 13.5 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.56 | ||||||
Calcined Gangue | [58] | 53.4 | 42.3 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.23 | 1.33 | 0.34 | 1.06 | ||
Kaolin | [54] | 54.0 | 31.7 | 0.11 | 6.05 | 1.41 | 0.10 | 4.89 | |||||
Metakaolin | [66] | 50.6 | 45.7 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.2 | 0.31 | |||||
GGBS | [55] | 30.4 | 10.5 | 3.20 | 0.71 | 0.98 | 0.05 | 50.4 | 0.53 |
Chemical Shift (ppm) | Interpretation | Source |
---|---|---|
50 and 70 | aluminosilicates | [12] |
0–20 | six-coordinate aluminum resonating from [Al(H2O)6]3+ | |
25 | Al(V) peak | |
72–110 | Si atoms with various linkages |
Authors | Technique | Unreinforced Geopolymer or with Fiber Reinforcement |
---|---|---|
I. Beams | ||
[81] | Jacketing | Ultrafine blast furnace slag based |
[82] | Jacketing | Steel-reinforced geopolymer matrix |
[83] | Jacketing—analytical method | Steel-reinforced geopolymer matrix |
[84] | Jacketing | Carbon-fiber-reinforced phosphate-based geopolymer (PBG) |
[85] | Glass-fiber-reinforced geopolymer bars | Fly-ash-based geopolymer beams |
[86] | Thin deflection hardening fiber-reinforced layers | Fly-ash-based geopolymer beams |
II. Wall | ||
[87] | Thickening | Polypropylene-reinforced fly-ash based |
[88] | Thickening | Metakaolin-slag-sodium-silicate geopolymer (GP) |
[89] | Grouting | Additive styrene butadiene (SB) latex geopolymer grout |
III. Thin plates | ||
[90] | Carbon textile-reinforced geopolymer composite | Fly-ash based |
[91] | Textile-reinforced geopolymer composite | Hybrid PVA fiber and AR-glass textile-reinforced geopolymer composites |
IV. Bond strength | ||
[92] | Single-lap shear test | Steel-reinforced geopolymer matrix |
[93] | Single-lap shear test | Fly-ash with slag geopolymer |
[22] | Interfacial transition zone | Fly-ash based |
[94] | Exposure to high temperature | Fly-ash based |
[76] | Molar concentration | Steel-fiber-reinforced geopolymer |
[95] | Slant shear test | Metakaolin geopolymer against cement mortar |
V. Mechanical tests only | ||
[96] | Compressive strength only | Activated quartz based |
[38] | Effect of sodium chloride | Slag composite matrix |
Fiber | Physical Behavior | Mechanical Behavior | Thermal Behavior | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) | 1% (v/v) resulted in 40% loss in flowability of geopolymer |
| Flexural strength did not change significantly in the range of 600 °C and 700 °C | [133] |
Basalt | 1% (v/v) resulted in 26% loss in flowability |
| Temperatures of 200 °C and 250 °C caused a decrease in values of flexural strength of 35% and 70% |
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Abulencia, A.B.; Villoria, M.B.D.; Libre, R.G.D., Jr.; Quiatchon, P.R.J.; Dollente, I.J.R.; Guades, E.J.; Promentilla, M.A.B.; Garciano, L.E.O.; Ongpeng, J.M.C. Geopolymers as Sustainable Material for Strengthening and Restoring Unreinforced Masonry Structures: A Review. Buildings 2021, 11, 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110532
Abulencia AB, Villoria MBD, Libre RGD Jr., Quiatchon PRJ, Dollente IJR, Guades EJ, Promentilla MAB, Garciano LEO, Ongpeng JMC. Geopolymers as Sustainable Material for Strengthening and Restoring Unreinforced Masonry Structures: A Review. Buildings. 2021; 11(11):532. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110532
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbulencia, Anabel B., Ma. Beatrice D. Villoria, Roneh Glenn D. Libre, Jr., Pauline Rose J. Quiatchon, Ithan Jessemar R. Dollente, Ernesto J. Guades, Michael Angelo B. Promentilla, Lessandro Estelito O. Garciano, and Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng. 2021. "Geopolymers as Sustainable Material for Strengthening and Restoring Unreinforced Masonry Structures: A Review" Buildings 11, no. 11: 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110532