Performance of the Steel Fibre Reinforced Rigid Concrete Pavement in Fatigue
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Specimen Preparation
3. Experimental Program
3.1. Preliminary Fatigue Investigation and Testing
3.2. Absorption
3.3. Compressive and Indirect Tensile Strength
3.4. Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD)
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Material Properties
4.2. Fatigue Testing
4.3. Energy Dissipation
4.4. Apparent Volume of Permeable Voids (AVPV)
5. Discussion and Analysis of the Results
6. Conclusions
- The scaled-down, strain-based approach to 4PB fatigue testing of rigid pavements is deemed to be suitable as it demonstrated the behaviour of both reinforced and unreinforced concrete pavements under fatigue. The methodology proposed is suitable to assess the fatigue performance of both plain concrete and fibre reinforced concrete thin pavements. The fatigue life of the concrete pavements correlates with the energy dissipation obtained in this study with the data collected on the various specimens in this study.
- Hybrid reinforcement of both steel fibres and steel reinforcements were found to be the most optimal reinforcement to maximise the service life of concrete rigid pavements in fatigue loading. This is due to the tensile stresses of specimens loaded in cyclic flexural able to be redistributed between the steel fibres and steel reinforcement to reduce the formation of microcracks. Therefore, this further reduced the loss of stiffness modulus and increase fatigue cycles.
- The fracture energy in the total energy dissipated does not remain constant for a different combination of reinforcements applied in the concrete pavements. The addition of steel fibres, longitudinal steel or both has an impact on the energy dissipated in each cycle of concrete specimens under fatigue testing. Hybrid reinforced specimens with both fibres and bars have the lowest energy dissipation per cycle.
- In comparison to plain concrete, the use of steel fibres without conventional reinforcements in concrete rigid pavement were also shown to have significant improvements in the fatigue resistance of the pavements. The addition of steel fibres in concrete pavements has resulted in at least a 135% increase in fatigue cycles compared to the fatigue cycles of plain concrete. This demonstrates the effectiveness of fibres in plain concrete under fatigue as fibres provide crack bridging to control the cracks formed.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Elemental Oxide | Al2O3 | CaO | Fe2O3 | MgO | Na2O | SO3 | SiO2 | LOI |
Portland Cement | 4.7 | 63.8 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 21.1 | 2.1 |
Cement | Water | Coarse Aggregate | Fine Aggregate |
---|---|---|---|
570 | 228 | 811 | 610 |
Length, l (mm) | Diameter, d (mm) | Aspect Ratio, l/d (mm) | Tensile Strength (N/mm2) | Young’s Modulus (N/mm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
35 | 0.55 | 65 | 1345 | 210,000 |
Specimens | Fibre Volume Fraction (%) | Fibre Content (kg/m3) | Steel Bars Addition |
---|---|---|---|
M-00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | No |
S-00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Yes |
M-40 | 0.5 | 40 | No |
S-40 | 0.5 | 40 | Yes |
M-80 | 1.0 | 80 | No |
S-80 | 1.0 | 80 | Yes |
Fibre Volume Fraction | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Residual Tensile Strength (MPa) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
fcm | f’c | fct | fR1 | fR2 | fR3 | fR4 | fw | |
0.0% | 63.1 | 53.8 | 4.2 | Not Applicable | ||||
0.5% | 61.9 | 52.7 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 1.3 |
1.0% | 58.1 | 49.2 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 10.6 | 9.5 | 7.5 | 2.3 |
Fatigue Cycles | Stiffness Loss (%) | Phase Angle at 100 Cycle (°) | Phase Angle at Termination (°) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
M-00 | 151,100 | 50 | 0.73 | 1.53 |
S-00 | 306,800 | 50 | 0.54 | 2.08 |
M-40 | 355,600 | 48 | 0.40 | 1.95 |
S-40 | 604,000 | 39 | 0.63 | 1.47 |
M-80 | 603,000 | 46 | 0.80 | 1.42 |
S-80 | 667,600 | 40 | 0.82 | 1.82 |
Average Total Dissipated Energy (J/m3) | Fatigue Cycles | Average Energy Dissipated per Cycle (J/m3 × 103) | |
---|---|---|---|
M-00 | 77,478,400 | 151,100 | 513 |
S-00 | 40,585,200 | 306,800 | 132 |
M-40 | 51,259,300 | 355,600 | 144 |
S-40 | 63,446,300 | 604,000 | 105 |
M-80 | 75,375,200 | 603,000 | 125 |
S-80 | 74,340,300 | 667,600 | 111 |
M-00 | S-00 | M-40 | S-40 | M-80 | S-80 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before 4PB (%) | 10.7 | 11.0 | 12.8 | 13.0 | 11.2 | 11.9 |
After 4PB (%) | 12.8 | 13.1 | 14.2 | 14.1 | 12.5 | 13.1 |
Changes in AVPV (%) | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
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Lau, C.K.; Chegenizadeh, A.; Htut, T.N.S.; Nikraz, H. Performance of the Steel Fibre Reinforced Rigid Concrete Pavement in Fatigue. Buildings 2020, 10, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10100186
Lau CK, Chegenizadeh A, Htut TNS, Nikraz H. Performance of the Steel Fibre Reinforced Rigid Concrete Pavement in Fatigue. Buildings. 2020; 10(10):186. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10100186
Chicago/Turabian StyleLau, Chee Keong, Amin Chegenizadeh, Trevor N. S. Htut, and Hamid Nikraz. 2020. "Performance of the Steel Fibre Reinforced Rigid Concrete Pavement in Fatigue" Buildings 10, no. 10: 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10100186