Tungsten Matrix Composite Reinforced with CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloy: Impact of Processing Routes on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Details
2.1. Preparation of High-Entropy Alloy by Mechanical Alloying (MA)
2.2. Consolidation of Tungsten Heavy High-Entropy Alloy (WHHEA)
2.3. Characterization and Testing of Powders and Bulk Composites
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of Powders
3.2. Analysis of Bulk WHHEA Consolidated by Sintering
3.3. Mechanical Properties
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- High-energy mechanical alloying of the elemental powders in equimolar proportion result in the formation of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy with predominant fcc phase and minor σ-phase.
- (2)
- Tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) can be prepared with CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy as binder/reinforcement without any crack formation by conventional, microwave and spark plasma sintering techniques.
- (3)
- High heating rate and shorter holding time in sintering have resulted in significant reduction of W grain size and reduced volume fraction of Cr–Mn-rich oxide phase in WHHEA.
- (4)
- Compressive strength and bending strength of WHHEA is more when sintering techniques with a higher heating rate and shorter holding time are employed, due to finer W grain size (microstructures).
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name of the Element | Purity (%) | Avg Particle Size (µm) | Melting Point (°C) | Crystal Structure | Atomic Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cobalt (Co) | 99.7 | 4 | 1495 | hexagonal closest packed (hcp) | 58.93 |
Chromium (Cr) | 99.8 | 7 | 1907 | body-centered cubic (bcc) | 51.99 |
Iron (Fe) | 99.9 | 4 | 1538 | body-centered cubic (bcc) | 55.85 |
Manganese (Mn) | 99.8 | 7 | 1246 | body-centered cubic (bcc) | 54.94 |
Nickel (Ni) | 99.7 | 4 | 1455 | face-centered cubic (fcc) | 58.69 |
Region Under Consideration | Co | Cr | Fe | Mn | Ni | W | O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Greyish phase | 13.9 | 1.4 | 16.3 | 0.8 | 26.7 | 40.9 | -- |
Bright phase | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 98.9 | -- |
Dark phase | 0.8 | 39.9 | 1.1 | 20.6 | 0.9 | 11.1 | 25.6 |
Element | Co | Cr | Fe | Mn | Ni | W |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co | 0 | −4.5 | −0.6 | −5.2 | −0.2 | −1 |
Cr | 0 | −1.5 | 2.1 | −6.7 | 1 | |
Fe | 0 | −2.9 | −1.6 | 0 | ||
Mn | 0 | −8.2 | 6 | |||
Ni | 0 | −3 | ||||
W | 0 |
Consolidation Condition | W Grain Size [µm] | Average Volume Fraction of Tungsten [%] | Average Volume Fraction of HEA Phase [%] | Average Volume Fraction of Cr–Mn-Rich Oxide Phase [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|
WHHEAC | 42 ± 13 | 74 ± 2 | 19 ± 2 | 7 ± 1 |
WHHEAM | 33 ± 20 | 70 ± 2 | 23 ± 2 | 7 ± 1 |
WHHEAS | 15 ± 7 | 80 ± 1 | 15 ± 1 | 5 ± 1 |
Process | Average Hardness (HV30) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Flexural Strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
Conventional sintering | 439 ± 15 | 1758 ± 50 | 208 ± 20 |
Microwave sintering | 431 ± 18 | 1962 ± 25 | 246 ± 15 |
Spark plasma sintering | 422 ± 12 | 2041 ± 45 | − |
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Satyanarayana, P.V.; Sokkalingam, R.; Jena, P.K.; Sivaprasad, K.; Prashanth, K.G. Tungsten Matrix Composite Reinforced with CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloy: Impact of Processing Routes on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. Metals 2019, 9, 992. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9090992
Satyanarayana PV, Sokkalingam R, Jena PK, Sivaprasad K, Prashanth KG. Tungsten Matrix Composite Reinforced with CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloy: Impact of Processing Routes on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. Metals. 2019; 9(9):992. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9090992
Chicago/Turabian StyleSatyanarayana, P. V., R. Sokkalingam, P. K. Jena, K. Sivaprasad, and K. G. Prashanth. 2019. "Tungsten Matrix Composite Reinforced with CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloy: Impact of Processing Routes on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties" Metals 9, no. 9: 992. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9090992