Tool Wear, Surface Topography, and Multi-Objective Optimization of Cutting Parameters during Machining AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel Flange
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Workpiece Material and Cutting Tool
2.2. Experimental Equipment
2.3. Design of Experiments
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Tool Wear
3.2. Surface Topography
3.2.1. Surface Defects
3.2.2. 3D Surface Topography
3.3. Optimization
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The main types of tool wear included crater wear, flank wear, notch wear, BUE, BUL, chipping, etc. In cylinder turning, BUE formed at a lower speed, and lower feed effectively protected the tool tip and reduced tool wear. The rise of cutting speed or feed aggravated tool wear. In face turning, the impact of depth of cut and feed on tool wear was relatively insignificant.
- (2)
- There were a lot of defects on the surface for both cylindrical turning and face turning. The main types of surface defects included tearing surface, adhered material particles, scratch marks, feed marks, side flow, plastic flow, and plowing grooves. Tearing surface was the major defect in cylinder turning, while side flow was more severe in face turning. The generation and distribution of surface defects was random, and there was no obvious change trend under different cutting parameters.
- (3)
- The turning surface presented regular peaks and valleys. Peak height of the cylinder turning surface at a lower cutting speed was higher than that at a higher speed, and higher feed corresponded to higher peak height. In face turning, the peak height of the machined surface at a lower feed was lower than that at a higher feed, and it was higher under a larger depth of cut than under a smaller one.
- (4)
- The effect of the cutting parameters on surface roughness, MRR, and SCE was studied. The quadratic model of each response variable was proposed by analyzing the experimental data. The RSM was employed to achieve the optimization of the cutting parameters, with the surface roughness below 1.6 μm, the maximum MRR, and the minimum SCE as the objective. The optimization of the cutting parameters was carried out when the three desired responses were in equal weight, and the most desirable cutting parameters are v = 120 m/min, f = 0.18 mm/rev, and ap = 0.42 mm.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | C | Si | Mn | Cr | Ni | Mo | Cu | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(wt) % | 0.055 | 0.64 | 1.66 | 18.2 | 9.11 | 0.092 | 0.14 | 69.7 |
Density (g/cm3) | Elastic Modulus (GPa) | Poisson′s Ratio | Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (10−6∙K−1) | Thermal Conductivity (W∙m−1∙K−1) | Specific Heat Capacity (J∙kg−1∙K−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7.93 | 193 | 0.3 | 17.2 | 16.3 | 500 |
Parameters | Levels | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
−α | −1 | 0 | +1 | +α | |
v (m/min) | 66.36 | 80 | 100 | 120 | 133.64 |
f (mm/rev) | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.23 |
ap (mm) | 0.27 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.57 |
Run | V (m/min) | f (mm/rev) | ap (mm) | Sa (μm) | MRR (mm3/min) | SCE (J/mm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 80.00 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 1.60 ± 0.10 | 2400 | 5.25 ± 0.25 |
2 | 120.00 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 1.23 ± 0.09 | 3600 | 4.33 ± 0.17 |
3 | 80.00 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 2.12 ± 0.16 | 4800 | 4.50 ± 0.13 |
4 | 120.00 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 1.63 ± 0.11 | 7200 | 3.67 ± 0.08 |
5 | 80.00 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 1.60 ± 0.10 | 4000 | 4.95 ± 0.15 |
6 | 120.00 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 1.34 ± 0.07 | 6000 | 4.20 ± 0.10 |
7 | 80.00 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 2.46 ± 0.12 | 8000 | 4.20 ± 0.08 |
8 | 120.00 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 2.18 ± 0.11 | 12,000 | 3.55 ± 0.05 |
9 | 66.36 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 2.04 ± 0.13 | 3982 | 5.13 ± 0.15 |
10 | 133.64 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 1.37 ± 0.08 | 8018 | 3.59 ± 0.07 |
11 | 100.00 | 0.07 | 0.40 | 1.25 ± 0.08 | 2800 | 5.14 ± 0.21 |
12 | 100.00 | 0.23 | 0.40 | 2.19 ± 0.15 | 9200 | 3.65 ± 0.07 |
13 | 100.00 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 1.57 ± 0.12 | 3450 | 4.17 ± 0.17 |
14 | 100.00 | 0.15 | 0.57 | 2.20 ± 0.11 | 8550 | 4.00 ± 0.07 |
15 | 100.00 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 1.32 ± 0.07 | 6000 | 3.90 ± 0.10 |
16 | 100.00 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 1.28 ± 0.10 | 6000 | 4.00 ± 0.10 |
17 | 100.00 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 1.46 ± 0.10 | 6000 | 4.10 ± 0.10 |
18 | 100.00 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 1.37 ± 0.11 | 6000 | 4.00 ± 0.10 |
19 | 100.00 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 1.31 ± 0.08 | 6000 | 4.00 ± 0.10 |
20 | 100.00 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 1.22 ± 0.09 | 6000 | 4.00 ± 0.10 |
Response | P-Value of Model | Std. Dev. | R2 | Adj. R2 | Pred. R2 | Adeq. Precision |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sa | <0.0001 | 0.079 | 0.9799 | 0.9618 | 0.9166 | 23.489 |
MRR | <0.0001 | 105.94 | 0.9990 | 0.9980 | 0.9909 | 124.592 |
SCE | <0.0001 | 0.086 | 0.9858 | 0.9730 | 0.9156 | 29.391 |
No. | Factors | Responses | Desirability | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
v (m/min) | f (mm/rev) | ap (mm) | Sa (μm) | MRR (mm3/min) | SCE (J/mm3) | ||
1 | 120.00 | 0.18 | 0.42 | 1.600 | 9324.13 | 3.525 | 0.843 |
2 | 120.00 | 0.18 | 0.43 | 1.600 | 9331.76 | 3.527 | 0.843 |
3 | 119.95 | 0.18 | 0.43 | 1.600 | 9323.84 | 3.526 | 0.843 |
4 | 120.00 | 0.18 | 0.43 | 1.600 | 9340.35 | 3.531 | 0.843 |
5 | 119.99 | 0.18 | 0.43 | 1.600 | 9342.00 | 3.532 | 0.843 |
6 | 119.98 | 0.19 | 0.41 | 1.600 | 9263.11 | 3.516 | 0.842 |
7 | 120.00 | 0.19 | 0.41 | 1.600 | 9254.63 | 3.515 | 0.841 |
8 | 120.00 | 0.18 | 0.44 | 1.600 | 9350.67 | 3.543 | 0.840 |
9 | 119.67 | 0.18 | 0.44 | 1.600 | 9331.16 | 3.542 | 0.840 |
10 | 120.00 | 0.19 | 0.40 | 1.600 | 9201.12 | 3.512 | 0.839 |
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Li, X.; Liu, Z.; Liang, X. Tool Wear, Surface Topography, and Multi-Objective Optimization of Cutting Parameters during Machining AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel Flange. Metals 2019, 9, 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9090972
Li X, Liu Z, Liang X. Tool Wear, Surface Topography, and Multi-Objective Optimization of Cutting Parameters during Machining AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel Flange. Metals. 2019; 9(9):972. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9090972
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Xiaojun, Zhanqiang Liu, and Xiaoliang Liang. 2019. "Tool Wear, Surface Topography, and Multi-Objective Optimization of Cutting Parameters during Machining AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel Flange" Metals 9, no. 9: 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9090972