Solid-Solid Phase Transformations and Their Kinetics in Ti-Al-Nb Alloys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Alloy Characterisation
3.2. Thermal Analysis of Phase Transformations
3.2.1. The (βTi)o to (βTi) Order/Disorder Transition
3.2.2. The Ti3Al to (αTi) Transformation
3.2.3. The ωo and O Phase Decomposition Reactions
4. Discussion
4.1. The Heating Rate Independent Transition (βTi)o to (βTi)
4.2. Heating Rate Dependent Transformations
4.2.1. The Ti3Al to (αTi) Transformation
4.2.2. The ωo to (βTi)o Transformation
4.2.3. The O Phase to (βTi)o Transformation and Comparison of the Heating Rate Dependent Transformations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alloy | Ti (at.%) | Al (at.%) | Nb (at.%) | ωo to (βTi)o | O to (βTi)o | Ti3Al to (αTi) | (βTi)o to (βTi) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A0 | 57.1 | 42.9 | – | – | – | x | – |
A1 | 50.8 | 44.3 | 4.9 | – | – | x | – |
A2 | 49.0 | 45.8 | 5.2 | – | – | x | – |
A3 | 50.8 | 39.8 | 9.4 | x | – | x | x |
A4 | 53.9 | 36.4 | 9.7 | x | – | * | x |
A5 | 55.6 | 32.7 | 11.6 | x | – | – | x |
A6 | 43.8 | 44.5 | 11.7 | x | – | – | x |
A7 | 60.9 | 25.2 | 13.9 | – | x | – | x |
A8 | 50.4 | 32.8 | 16.8 | x | * | – | x |
A9 | 40.4 | 39.6 | 20.0 | x | – | – | x |
A10 | 45.4 | 30.7 | 23.9 | – | x | – | x |
A11 | 50.7 | 24.1 | 25.2 | – | x | – | x |
Heat Treatment (Temperature/Time) | Disordering Temperature (°C) | |
---|---|---|
Ti-36.4Al-9.7Nb (A4) | Ti-44.5Al-11.7Nb (A6) | |
700 °C/1500 h | 1222 | 1204 |
900 °C/650 h | 1223 | 1204 |
1000 °C/400 h | 1223 | 1204 |
Alloy | Ti (at.%) | Al (at.%) | Nb (at.%) | (βTi)o to (βTi) (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
A3 | 52.3 | 37.4 | 10.4 | 1201 ± 1 |
A4 | 54.4 | 35.8 | 9.8 | 1222 ± 1 |
A5 | 55.6 | 32.7 | 11.6 | 1237 ± 1 |
A6 | 48.5 | 37.5 | 14.1 | 1204 ± 1 |
A7 | 60.9 | 25.2 | 13.9 | 1104 ± 1 |
A8 | 50.4 | 32.8 | 16.8 | 1248 ± 1 |
A9 | 42.9 | 38.1 | 19.0 | 1199 ± 1 |
A10 | 45.4 | 30.7 | 23.9 | 1243 ± 1 |
A11 | 50.7 | 24.1 | 25.2 | 1169 ± 1 |
Heating Rate (°C/min) | Ti3Al to (αTi) Transformation Temperatures (°C) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ti-42.9Al (A0) | Ti-44.3Al-4.9Nb (A1) | Ti-45.8Al-5.2Nb (A2) | Ti-39.8Al-9.4Nb (A3) | |
10 | 1140 | 1147 | 1163 | 1174 |
5 | 1139 | 1148 | 1163 | 1173 |
2 | 1139 | 1145 | 1161 | 1173 |
1 | 1138 | – * | – * | 1172 |
0 | 1137 ± 1 | 1143 ± 1 | 1159 ± 1 | 1171 ± 1 |
Alloy | Ti (at.%) | Al (at.%) | Nb (at.%) | ωo to (βTi)o (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
A3 | 50.8 | 39.8 | 9.4 | 906 ± 1 |
A4 | 53.9 | 36.4 | 9.7 | 908 ± 1 |
A5 | 55.6 | 32.7 | 11.6 | 919 ± 2 |
A6 | 43.8 | 44.5 | 11.7 | 913 ± 1 |
A8 | 50.4 | 32.8 | 16.8 | 897 ± 3 |
A9 | 40.4 | 39.6 | 20.0 | 923 ± 1 |
Heating Rate (°C/min) | O to (βTi)o Transformation Temperatures (°C) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Ti-25.2Al-13.9Nb (A7) | Ti-30.7Al-23.9Nb (A10) | Ti-24.1Al-25.2Nb (A11) | |
10 | 964 | 985 | 979 |
5 | 960 | 981 | 973 |
2 | 956 | 976 | 962 * |
1 | 951 | 973 | 955 * |
0 | 941 ± 1 | 963 ± 1 | 935 ± 2 |
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Distl, B.; Hauschildt, K.; Pyczak, F.; Stein, F. Solid-Solid Phase Transformations and Their Kinetics in Ti-Al-Nb Alloys. Metals 2021, 11, 1991. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121991
Distl B, Hauschildt K, Pyczak F, Stein F. Solid-Solid Phase Transformations and Their Kinetics in Ti-Al-Nb Alloys. Metals. 2021; 11(12):1991. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121991
Chicago/Turabian StyleDistl, Benedikt, Katja Hauschildt, Florian Pyczak, and Frank Stein. 2021. "Solid-Solid Phase Transformations and Their Kinetics in Ti-Al-Nb Alloys" Metals 11, no. 12: 1991. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121991