Movable Die and Loading Path Design in Tube Hydroforming of Irregular Bellows
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Movable Die Design and Loading Path Definition
2.1. Shape and Geometry
2.2. Movable Die Design
2.3. Movable Die Feeding Types
3. Finite Element Simulations
3.1. Finite Element Modeling
3.2. Forming Windows for Different Feeding Types
3.2.1. Forming Windows for Feeding Type 1
3.2.2. Forming Windows for Feeding Type 2
4. Tube Hydroforming Experiments
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | SUS321 |
---|---|
Young’s modulus (GPa) | 178 |
Yield stress (MPa) | 403 |
Flow stress (MPa) | σ = 403 + 1270 ε0.66 |
Poisson’s ratio | 0.33 |
Tube outer diameter, do (mm) | 9.53 |
Tube thickness, t0 (mm) | 0.49 |
Punch velocity (mm/s) | 0.1 |
Movable die velocity (mm/s) | 0.1 |
Friction coefficient | 0.05 |
Mesh number | 75,000 |
Mesh layer number in thickness direction | 4 |
Minimum mesh length (mm) | 0.09 |
Variables | Values |
---|---|
d1 | 10.08 mm |
d2 | 9.65 mm |
d3 | 13.25 mm |
r1 | 5.84 mm |
r2 | 7.62 mm |
r3 | 5.94 mm |
r4 | 1.27 mm |
18.33 mm | |
45° |
Experimental Results (mm) | Simulation (mm) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Average thickness | tA1 = 0.465 (Deviation = 0%) | tA2 = 0.468 (Deviation = 0.64%) | tA = 0.465 |
tB1 = 0.449 (Deviation = 0.67%) | tB2 = 0.444 (Deviation = 0.45%) | tB = 0.446 | |
tC1 = 0.449 (Deviation = 1.11%) | tC2 = 0.447 (Deviation = 1.57%) | tC = 0.454 | |
Diameter | dA1 = 11.64 (Deviation = 4.47%) | dA2 = 11.64 (Deviation = 4.47%) | dA = 11.12 |
dB1 = 11.84 (Deviation = 0.42%) | dB2 = 11.84 (Deviation = 0.42%) | dB = 11.79 | |
dC1 = 13.40 (Deviation = 5.31%) | dC2 = 13.45 (Deviation = 5.28%) | dC = 12.74 |
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Hwang, Y.-M.; Tsai, Y.-J. Movable Die and Loading Path Design in Tube Hydroforming of Irregular Bellows. Metals 2020, 10, 1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111518
Hwang Y-M, Tsai Y-J. Movable Die and Loading Path Design in Tube Hydroforming of Irregular Bellows. Metals. 2020; 10(11):1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111518
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwang, Yeong-Maw, and Yau-Jiun Tsai. 2020. "Movable Die and Loading Path Design in Tube Hydroforming of Irregular Bellows" Metals 10, no. 11: 1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111518