Reliability of Change of Direction and Agility Assessments in Youth Soccer Players
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Design
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Anthropometrics/Maturity Status
2.5. Change of Direction Tests
2.6. Agility Test
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Pettersen, S.A.; Brenn, T. Correction: Activity Profiles by Position in Youth Elite Soccer Players in Official Matches. Sport Med. Int. Open. 2019, 3, E65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Stølen, T.; Chamari, K.; Castagna, C.; Wisloff, U. Physiology of Soccer: An Update. Sport Med. 2005, 35, 501–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Di Salvo, V.; Gregson, W.; Atkinson, G.; Tordoff, P.; Drust, B. Analysis of high intensity activity in premier league soccer. Int. J. Sports Med. 2009, 30, 205–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Strudwick, A.; Reilly, T.; Doran, D. Antropometric and fitness profiles of elite players in two codes. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2002, 42, 239–242. [Google Scholar]
- Faude, O.; Koch, T.; Meyer, T. Straight sprinting is the most frequent action in goal situations in professional football. J. Sports Sci. 2012, 30, 625–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Young, W.; Dawson, B.; Henry, G. Agility and Change-of-Direction Speed are Independent Skills: Implications for Agility in Invasion Sports. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 2015, 10, 159–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeffreys, I.; Huggins, S.; Davies, N. Delivering a Gamespeed- Focused Speed and Agility Development Program in an English Premier League Soccer Academy. Strength Cond. J. 2017, 40, 23–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheppard, J.M.; Young, W.B. Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing. J. Sports Sci. 2006, 24, 919–932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nimphius, S. Increasing agility. In High-Performance Training for Sports; Joyce, D., Lewindon, D., Eds.; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2014; pp. 185–198. [Google Scholar]
- Nimphius, S.; Callaghan, S.J.; Bezodis, N.E.; Lockie, R.G. Change of Direction and Agility Tests: Challenging Our Current Measures of Performance. Strength Cond. J. 2018, 40, 26–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Čoh, M.; Vodičar, J.; Žvan, M.; Šimenko, J.; Stodolka, J.; Rauter, S.; Mackala, K. Are Change-of-Direction Speed and Reactive Agility Independent Skills Even When Using the Same Movement Pattern? J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018, 32, 1929–1936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farrow, D.; Young, W.; Bruce, L. The development of a test of reactive agility for netball: A new methodology. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2005, 8, 52–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheppard, J.M.; Young, W.B.; Doyle, T.L.A.; Sheppard, T.A.; Newton, R.U. An evaluation of a new test of reactive agility and its relationship to sprint speed and change of direction speed. J. Sci Med. Sport 2006, 9, 342–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Young, W.; Rogers, N. Effects of small-sided game and change-of-direction training on reactive agility and change-of-direction speed. J. Sports Sci. 2014, 32, 307–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dos’Santos, T.; Thomas, C.; Comfort, P.; Jones, P.A. The Effect of Angle and Velocity on Change of Direction Biomechanics: An Angle-Velocity Trade-Off. Sport Med. 2018, 48, 2235–2253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dos’Santos, T.; Thomasm, C.; Jones, P.A.; Comfort, P. Mechanical Determinants of Faster Change of Direction Speed Performance in Male Athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2017, 31, 696–705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nimphius, S.; Callaghan, S.J.; Spiteri, T.; Lockie, R.G. Change of Direction Deficit: A More Isolated Measure of Change of Direction Performance than Total 505 Time. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2016, 30, 3024–3032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, J.M.; Cunningham, L.; Hood, P.; Thorne, B.; Irvin, G.; Weston, M. The reliability of a modified 505 test and change-of-direction deficit time in elite youth football players. Sci. Med. Footb. 2019, 3, 157–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thomas, C.; Dos’Santos, T.; Comfort, P.; Jones, P. Relationships between Unilateral Muscle Strength Qualities and Change of Direction in Adolescent Team-Sport Athletes. Sports 2018, 6, 83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Scanlan, A.; Humphries, B.; Tucker, P.S.; Dalbo, V. The influence of physical and cognitive factors on reactive agility performance in men basketball players. J. Sports Sci. 2014, 32, 367–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gabbett, T.J.; Kelly, J.N.; Sheppard, J.M. Speed, change of direction speed, and reactive agility of rugby league players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2008, 22, 174–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spiteri, T.; Cochrane, J.L.; Nimphius, S. Human stimulus reliability during an offensive and defensive agility protocol. J. Aust. Strength Cond. 2012, 20, 20–27. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tania_Spiteri/publication/230770444_Human_stimulus_reliability_during_an_offensive_and_defensive_agility_protocol/links/0fcfd5127895ee64bd000000.pdf (accessed on 12 February 2017).
- Young, W.; Farrow, D. The Importance of a Sport-Specific Stimulus for Training Agility. Strength Cond. J. 2013, 35, 39–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, M.J.C.; Lloyd, D.G.; Lay, B.S.; Bourke, P.D.; Alderson, J.A. Effects of different visual stimuli on postures and knee moments during sidestepping. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2013, 45, 1740–1748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lloyd, R.S.; Oliver, J.L. The youth physical development model: A new approach to long-term athletic development. Strength Cond. J. 2012, 34, 61–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Van Hooren, B.; De Ste Croix, M. Sensitive Periods to Train General Motor Abilities in Children and Adolescents. Strength Cond. J. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malina, R.M.; Rogol, A.D.; Cumming, S.P.; Coelho E Silva, M.J. Figueiredo AJ. Biological maturation of youth athletes: Assessment and implications. Br. J. Sports Med. 2015, 49, 852–859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dugdale, J.H.; Arthur, C.A.; Sanders, D.; Hunter, A.M. Reliability and validity of field-based fitness tests in youth soccer players. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2019, 19, 745–756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryan, D.; Mccall, A.; Fitzpatrick, G.; Hennessy, L.; Meyer, T.; Mccunn, R. The influence of maturity status on movement quality among English Premier League academy soccer players. Sport Perform. Sci. Rep. 2018, 1, 1–3. [Google Scholar]
- Lloyd, R.S.; Read, P.; Oliver, J.L.; Meyers, R.W.; Nimphius, S.; Jeffreys, I. Considerations for the Development of Agility During Childhood and Adolescence. Strength Cond. J. 2013, 35, 2–11. Available online: http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00126548-201306000-00002 (accessed on 22 October 2016). [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ford, P.; De Ste Croix, M.; Lloyd, R.; Meyers, R.; Moosavi, M.; Oliver, J.; Williams, C. The Long-Term Athlete Development model: Physiological evidence and application. J. Sports Sci. 2011, 29, 389–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fiorilli, G.; Mitrotasios, M.; Iuliano, E.; Pistone, E.M.; Aquino, G.; Calcagno, G.; Di, A.C. Agility and change of direction in soccer: Differences according to the player ages. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2016, 57, 1597–1604. [Google Scholar]
- Pichardo, A.W.; Oliver, J.L.; Harrison, C.B.; Maulder, P.S.; Lloyd, R.S.; Kandoi, R. The Influence of Maturity Offset, Strength, and Movement Competency on Motor Skill Performance in Adolescent Males. Sports 2019, 7, 168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Philippaerts, R.M.; Vaeyens, R.; Janssens, M.; Van Renterghem, B.; Matthys, D.; Craen, R.; Malina, R.M. The relationship between peak height velocity and physical performance in youth soccer players. J. Sports Sci. 2006, 24, 221–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vandendriessche, J.B.; Vaeyens, R.; Vandorpe, B.; Lenoir, M.; Lefevre, J.; Philippaerts, R.M. Biological maturation, morphology, fitness, and motor coordination as part of a selection strategy in the search for international youth soccer players (age 15–16 years). J. Sports Sci. 2012, 30, 1695–1703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lloyd, R.S.; Oliver, J.L.; Radnor, J.M.; Rhodes, B.C.; Faigenbaum, A.D.; Myer, G.D. Relationships between functional movement screen scores, maturation and physical performance in young soccer players. J. Sports Sci. 2015, 33, 11–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rommers, N.; Mostaert, M.; Goossens, L.; Vaeyens, R.; Witvrouw, E.; Lenoir, M.; D’Hondt, E. Age and maturity related differences in motor coordination among male elite youth soccer players. J. Sports Sci. 2018, 37, 196–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dos’Santos, T.; McBurnie, A.; Comfort, P.; Jones, P.A. The Effects of Six-Weeks Change of Direction Speed and Technique Modification Training on Cutting Performance and Movement Quality in Male Youth Soccer Players. Sports 2019, 7, 205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- DosʼSantos, T.; McBurnie, A.; Thomas, C.; Comfort, P.; Jones, P.A. Biomechanical Determinants of the Modified and Traditional 505 Change of Direction Speed Test. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2019, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drust, B.; Waterhouse, J.; Atkinson, G.; Edwards, B.; Reilly, T. Circadian Rhythms in Sports Performance—an Update. Chronobiol Int. 2005, 22, 21–44. Available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1081/CBI-200041039 (accessed on 8 March 2016). [CrossRef]
- Haugen, T.; Buchheit, M. Sprint Running Performance Monitoring: Methodological and Practical Considerations. Sport Med. 2016, 46, 641–656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mirwald, R.L.; Baxter-Jones, A.D.G.; Bailey, D.A.; Beunen, G.P. An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements. Med. Sci. Sport Exerc. 2002, 34, 689–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Draper, J.; Lancaster, M. The 505 test: A test for agility in the horizontal plane. Aust. J. Sci. Med. Sport 1985, 17, 15–18. [Google Scholar]
- Al Haddad, H.; Simpson, B.M.; Buchheit, M. Monitoring changes in jump and sprint performance: Best or average values? Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2015, 10, 931–934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliver, J.L.; Meyers, R.W. Reliability and generality of measures of acceleration, planned agility, and reactive agility. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2009, 4, 345–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Denegar, C.R.; Ball, D.W. Assessing Reliability and Precision of Measurement: An Introduction to lntraclass Correlation and Standard Error of Measurement. J. Sport Rehabil. 1993, 2, 35–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Atkinson, G.; Nevill, A.M. Statistical Methods for Assssing Measurement Error (Reliability) in Variables Relevant to Sports Medicine. Sport Med. 1998, 26, 217–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hopkins, W.G. Measures of Reliability in Sports Medicine and Science. Sport Med. 2000, 30, 375–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hopkins, W.G. A scale of magnitudes for effect statistics. 2002. Available online: http://sportsci.org/resource/stats/effectmag.html (accessed on 22 July 2018).
- Pojskic, H.; Åslin, E.; Krolo, A.; Jukic, I.; Uljevic, O.; Spasic, M.; Sekulic, D. Importance of reactive agility and change of direction speed in differentiating performance levels in junior soccer players: Reliability and validity of newly developed soccer-specific tests. Front. Physiol. 2018, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vandorpe, B.; Vandendriessche, J.; Vaeyens, R.; Pion, J.; Matthys, S.; Lefevre, J.; Lenoir, M. Relationship between sports participation and the level of motor coordination in childhood: A longitudinal approach. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 2012, 15, 220–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haugen, T.A.; Tønnessen, E.; Svendsen, I.S.; Seiler, S. Sprint Time Difference Between Single- and Dual-Beam Timing Systems. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2014, 28, 2376–2379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nimphius, S.; Spiteri, T.; Seitz, L.; Haff, E.; Haff, G.G. Is there a pacing strategy during a 505 change of direction test in adolescents? J. Strength Cond. Res. 2013, 13, 646–652. [Google Scholar]
U11/U12 | U13/U14 | U15–U17 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 31) | (n = 23) | (n = 32) | |||
Change of Direction | m505COD | Session 1 (x ± SD) (s) | 2.61 ± 0.14 | 2.43 ± 0.06 | 2.33 ± 0.08 |
Session 2 (x ± SD) (s) | 2.60 ± 0.14 | 2.42 ± 0.11 | 2.34 ± 0.11 | ||
ICC (95%CI) | 0.88 (0.82–0.92) | 0.84 (0.65–0.93) | 0.89 (0.78–0.95) | ||
CV (%) | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.6 | ||
SEM (95%CI) (s) | 0.05 (0.10) | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.07) | ||
d | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.10 | ||
Y-SprintPRE | Session 1 (x ± SD) (s) | 1.86 ± 0.13 | 1.84 ± 0.07 | 1.75 ± 0.07 | |
Session 2 (x ± SD) (s) | 1.86 ± 0.12 | 1.83 ± 0.07 | 1.77 ± 0.06 | ||
ICC (95%CI) | 0.91 (0.87–0.94) | 0.87 (0.72–0.94) | 0.91 (0.82–0.95) | ||
CV (%) | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.4 | ||
SEM (95%CI) (s) | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.04) | ||
d | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.31 | ||
Agility | Y-SprintREACT | Session 1 (x ± SD) (s) | 2.40 ± 0.18 | 2.28 ± 0.12 | 2.35 ± 0.14 |
Session 2 (x ± SD) (s) | 2.40 ± 0.18 | 2.29 ± 0.11 | 2.35 ± 0.15 | ||
ICC (95%CI) | 0.82 (0.59–0.92) | 0.81 (0.55–0.92) | 0.86 (0.71–0.93) | ||
CV (%) | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.7 | ||
SEM (95%CI) (s) | 0.08 (0.15) | 0.05 (0.10) | 0.05 (0.11) | ||
d | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
m505COD | Y-SprintPRE (Total) | Y-SprintREACT (Total) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (95%CI) | −0.14 (−0.10 – −0.36) | −0.28 * (−0.07 – −0.47) | −0.41 ** (−0.20 – −0.60) |
Maturity Offset (95%CI) | −0.19 (−0.03 – −0.39) | −0.19 (−0.01 – −0.38) | −0.39 ** (−0.18 – −0.57) |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dugdale, J.H.; Sanders, D.; Hunter, A.M. Reliability of Change of Direction and Agility Assessments in Youth Soccer Players. Sports 2020, 8, 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8040051
Dugdale JH, Sanders D, Hunter AM. Reliability of Change of Direction and Agility Assessments in Youth Soccer Players. Sports. 2020; 8(4):51. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8040051
Chicago/Turabian StyleDugdale, James H., Dajo Sanders, and Angus M. Hunter. 2020. "Reliability of Change of Direction and Agility Assessments in Youth Soccer Players" Sports 8, no. 4: 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8040051