Kinematics and Kinetics of Youth Baseball Catchers and Pitchers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Context
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Experimental Approach to the Problem
3.2. Participants
3.3. Procedures
Bony Landmark | Bony Process Palpated and Digitized |
---|---|
Thorax | |
Seventh Cervical Vertebra (C7) | Most dorsal aspect of the spinous process |
Eighth Thoracic Vertebra (T8) | Most dorsal aspect of the spinous process |
Suprasternal Notch | Most cranial aspect of sternum |
Humerus | |
Medial Epicondyle | Medial/distal aspect of condyle |
Lateral Epicondyle | Lateral/distal aspect of condyle |
Glenohumeral Joint Center of Rotation | Rotation method * |
Forearm | |
Radial Styloid Process | Lateral/distal aspect of radial styloid |
Ulnar Styloid Process | Medial/ distal aspect of ulnar styloid |
Segment | Axis of Rotation | Angle |
---|---|---|
Torso | ||
Rotation 1 | Z | Flexion (−)/Extension (+) |
Rotation 2 | X′ | Left Lateral Tilt (−)/Right Lateral Tilt (+) |
Rotation 3 | Y″ | Right Rotation (+)/Left Rotation (−) |
Shoulder | ||
Rotation 1 | Y | Plane of Elevation (0 = Abduction; 90 = Flexion) |
Rotation 2 | X′ | Elevation |
Rotation 3 | Y″ | Internal Rotation (+)/External Rotation (−) |
Elbow | ||
Rotation 1 | Z | Flexion (+)/Hyperextension (−) |
Rotation 2 | X′ | Carrying Angle |
Rotation 3 | Y″ | Pronation (+)/Supination (−) |
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Analysis of Kinematic Measures
Variable | ME of Event | ME of Position | Event × Position Interaction |
---|---|---|---|
Torso Flexion | F(1.28, 61.59) = 115.18, | F(1,48) = 19.51, | F(1.28, 61.59) = 13.08, |
p < 0.01, ε = 0.43 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01, ε = 0.43 | |
Torso Lateral Flexion | F(1.36, 65.16) = 202.06, | F(1,48) = 14.90, | F(1.36, 65.16) = 0. 13, |
p < 0.01, ε = 0.45 | p < 0.01 | p = 0.79, ε = 0.45 | |
Torso Rotation | F(1.99, 95.56) = 1081, | F(1,48) = 0.38, | F(1.99, 95.56) = 2.55, |
p < 0.01, ε = 0.66 | p = 0.54 | p = 0.08, ε = 0.66 | |
Pelvic Lateral Flexion | F(1.33, 63.76) = 14.03, | F(1,48) = 6.61, | F(1.33, 63.76) = 3.86, |
p < 0.01, ε = 0.44 | p = 0.01 | p = 0.04, ε = 0.44 | |
Pelvic Rotation | F(1.65, 78.87) = 1060.08, | F(1,48) = 0.97, | F(1.65, 78.87) = 2.86, |
p < 0.01, ε = 0.55 | p = 0.33 | p = 0.07, ε = 0.55 | |
Elbow Flexion | F(1.38, 66.19) = 20. 83, | F(1,48) = 1.84, | F(1.38, 66.19) = 1.88, |
p < 0.01, ε = 0.46 | p = 0.18 | p = 0.17, ε = 0.46 | |
Plane of Elevation | F(2.01, 96.35) = 153.38, | F(1,48) = 0.77, | F(2.01, 96.35) = 0.02, |
p < 0.01, ε = 0.67 | p = 0.38 | p = 0.97, ε = 0.67 | |
Humeral Elevation | F(2.13, 102.08) = 13.83, | F(1,48) = 0.56, | F(2.13, 102.08) = 1.59, |
p < 0.01, ε = 0.71 | p = 0.46 | p = 0.97, ε = 0.71 | |
Humeral External Rotation | F(2.43, 116.64) = 476.33, | F(1,48) = 0.23, | F(2.43, 116.64) = 1.29, |
p < 0.01, ε = 0.81 | p = 0.63 | p = 0.28, ε = 0.81 | |
Velocity * | F(2.57, 123.43) = 273.04, | F(1,48) = 8.37, | F(2.57, 123.43) = 5.88, |
p < 0.01, ε = 0.86 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01, ε = 0.81 |
4.2. Analysis of Kinetic Measures
Variable | ME of Phase | ME of Position | Phase × Position Interaction |
---|---|---|---|
Y Force * | F(2, 96) = 61.34, | F(1,48) = 6.76, | F(2, 96) = 1.29, |
p < 0.01 | p = 0.01 | p = 0.30 | |
Z Moment * | F(1.60, 75.26) = 31.27, | F(1,47) = 0.45, | F(1.60, 75.26) = 0.37, |
p < 0.01, ε = 0.80 | p < 0.51 | p = 0.64, ε = 0.80 |
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oliver, G.; Lohse, K.; Gascon, S. Kinematics and Kinetics of Youth Baseball Catchers and Pitchers. Sports 2015, 3, 246-257. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports3030246
Oliver G, Lohse K, Gascon S. Kinematics and Kinetics of Youth Baseball Catchers and Pitchers. Sports. 2015; 3(3):246-257. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports3030246
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliver, Gretchen, Keith Lohse, and Sarah Gascon. 2015. "Kinematics and Kinetics of Youth Baseball Catchers and Pitchers" Sports 3, no. 3: 246-257. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports3030246
APA StyleOliver, G., Lohse, K., & Gascon, S. (2015). Kinematics and Kinetics of Youth Baseball Catchers and Pitchers. Sports, 3(3), 246-257. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports3030246