Does the Type of Anaerobic Test Matter? A Comparison between the Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test and Wingate Anaerobic Test in Taekwondo Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Practical Application
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Roete, A.J.; Stoter, I.K.; Lamberts, R.P.; Elferink-Gemser, M.T.; Otter, R.T.A. Introducing a Method to Quantify the Specificity of Training for Races in Speed Skating. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2022, 36, 1998–2004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reilly, T.; Morris, T.; Whyte, G. The specificity of training prescription and physiological assessment: A review. J. Sports Sci. 2009, 27, 575–589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fiorilli, G.; Mariano, I.; Iuliano, E.; Giombini, A.; Ciccarelli, A.; Buonsenso, A.; di Cagno, A. Isoinertial eccentric-overload training in young soccer players: Effects on strength, sprint, change of direction, agility and soccer shooting precision. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2020, 19, 213–223. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Li, B.; Xu, X. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Basketball Sport. J. Educ. Health Sport 2021, 11, 54–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boutios, S.; Fiorilli, G.; Buonsenso, A.; Daniilidis, P.; Centorbi, M.; Intrieri, M.; di Cagno, A. The Impact of Age, Gender and Technical Experience on Three Motor Coordination Skills in Children Practicing Taekwondo. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2021, 18, 5998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.W.; Nam, S.S. Physical Characteristics and Physical Fitness Profiles of Korean Taekwondo Athletes: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2021, 18, 9624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Santos, J.F.; da, S.; Dias Wilson, V.; Herrera-Valenzuela, T.; Sander Mansur Machado, F. Time-Motion Analysis and Physiological Responses to Taekwondo Combat in Juvenile and Adult Athletes: A Systematic Review. J. Strength Cond. 2020, 42, 103–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bridge, C.A.; Ferreira da Silva Santos, J.; Chaabène, H.; Pieter, W.; Franchini, E. Physical and Physiological Profiles of Taekwondo Athletes. Sports Med. 2014, 44, 713–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aziz, A.R.; Tan, B.; Teh, K.C. Physiological responses during matches and profile of elite pencak silat exponents. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2002, 1, 147. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Chaabene, H.; Negra, Y.; Bouguezzi, R.; Capranica, L.; Franchini, E.; Prieske, O.; Hbacha, H.; Granacher, U. Tests for the Assessment of Sport-Specific Performance in Olympic Combat Sports: A Systematic Review with Practical Recommendations. Front. Physiol. 2018, 9, 386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bar-Or, O. The Wingate Anaerobic Test: An Update on Methodology, Reliability and Validity. Sports Med. 1987, 4, 381–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smith, J.C.; Hill, D.W. Contribution of energy systems during a Wingate power test. Br. J. Sports Med. 1991, 25, 196–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Araujo, M.P.; Nóbrega, A.C.; Espinosa, G.; Hausen, M.R.; Castro, R.R.; Soares, P.P.; Gurgel, J.L. Proposal of a New Specific Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test for Taekwondo Athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2017, 31, 1525–1535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rocha, F.; Louro, H.; Costa, A.; Matias, R. Anaerobic fitness assessment in taekwondo athletes. A new perspective. Motricidade 2016, 12, 127–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rocha, F.P.S.; Louro, H.; Matias, R.; Brito, J.; Costa, A.M. Determination of Aerobic Power Through a Specific Test for Taekwondo—A Predictive Equation Model. J. Hum. Kinet. 2016, 53, 117–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tayech, A.; Mejri, M.A.; Chaabene, H.; Chaouachi, M.; Behm, D.G.; Chaouachi, A. Test-retest reliability and criterion validity of a new Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2019, 59, 230–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bishop, D. Warm Up II: Performance Changes Following Active Warm Up and How to Structure the Warm Up. Sports Med. 2003, 33, 483–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Inbar, O.; Bar-Or, O.; Skinner, J. The Wingate Anaerobic Test, 1st ed.; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Warner, R.M. Applied Statistics: From Bivariate through Multivariate Techniques, 2nd ed.; SAGE Publications, Inc.: Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- McBride, G.B.A. Proposal for strength-of-agreement criteria for Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient. NIWA Client Rep. HAM 2005, 45, 307–310. [Google Scholar]
- Tayech, A.; Mejri, M.A.; Chaouachi, M.; Chaabene, H.; Hambli, M.; Brughelli, M.; Behm, D.G.; Chaouachi, A. Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test: Discriminant Validity and an Update with the Gold-Standard Wingate Test. J. Hum. Kinet. 2020, 71, 229–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Batra, A. Monitoring anaerobic performance in combat sport athletes—Call for test specificity. Sport Perform. Sci. Rep. 2019, 53, 1–3. [Google Scholar]
- Del Vecchio, F.B.; Franchini, E.; Del Vecchio, A.H.M.; Pieter, W. Energy absorbed by electronic body protectors from kicks in a taekwondo competition. Biol. Sport 2011, 28, 75–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Norjali Wazir, M.R.W.; Van Hiel, M.; Mostaert, M.; Deconinck, F.J.A.; Pion, J.; Lenoir, M. Identification of elite performance characteristics in a small sample of taekwondo athletes. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0217358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Obmiński, Z.; Lerczak, K.; Witek, K.; Pintera, M.; Błach, W.; Szczuka, E. Blood lactate level and perceptual responses (RPE) to an official fight and to a sparing in male taekwondo contestants. Pol. J. Sports Med. 2011, 27, 283–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- di Cagno, A.; Fiorilli, G.; Iuliano, E.; Aquino, G.; Giombini, A.; Battaglia, C.; Piazza, M.; Tsopani, D.; Calcagno, G. Time-of-Day Effects on Static and Dynamic Balance in Elite Junior Athletes and Untrained Adolescents. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 2014, 9, 615–625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaabene, H.; Negra, Y.; Capranica, L.; Bouguezzi, R.; Hachana, Y.; Rouahi, M.A.; Mkaouer, B. Validity and Reliability of a New Test of Planned Agility in Elite Taekwondo Athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018, 32, 2542–2547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sant’Ana, M.J.; Diefenthaeler, P.F.; Juliano, M.; Pupo, D.; Detanico, M.D.; Santos, S.G. Anaerobic evaluation of Taekwondo athletes. Int. SportMed J. 2014, 15, 492–499. [Google Scholar]
- Taati, B.; Arazi, H.; Bridge, C.A.; Franchini, E. A new taekwondo-specific field test for estimating aerobic power, anaerobic fitness, and agility performance. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0264910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Participants (n = 15) 10 Females and 5 Males | Means ± SD (Males) | Means ± SD (Females) | Means ± SD (All) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 21.4 ± 3.1 | 24.4 ± 4.4 | 23.4 ± 4.1 |
Weight (kilograms) | 71.0 ± 13.2 | 62.6 ± 10.8 | 65.4 ± 11.9 |
Height (meters) | 1.72 ± 0.06 | 1.70 ± 0.06 | 1.71 ± 0.06 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 23.96 ± 4.45 | 21.63 ± 3.48 | 22.41 ± 3.84 |
Experience (years of competition) | 15.80 ± 2.68 | 13.60 ± 6.02 | 14.33 ± 5.15 |
Outcomes | Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) | Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test (TAIKT) |
---|---|---|
Means ± SD | Means ± SD | |
Peak of blood lactate (mmol/L) | 13.28 ± 2.23 | 12.59 ± 1.94 |
Peak of power (watt) | 596.40 ± 157.15 | 346.53 ± 80.21 |
Mean of power (watt) | 469.47 ± 113.20 | 284.08 ± 63.65 |
Total capacity (watt) | 2816.60 ± 679.77 | 1704.48 ± 381.91 |
Fatigue index (%) | 42.2 ± 7.4 * | 32.7 ± 7.0 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Boutios, S.; di Cagno, A.; Buonsenso, A.; Centorbi, M.; Iuliano, E.; Calcagno, G.; Fiorilli, G. Does the Type of Anaerobic Test Matter? A Comparison between the Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test and Wingate Anaerobic Test in Taekwondo Athletes. Sports 2022, 10, 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10100154
Boutios S, di Cagno A, Buonsenso A, Centorbi M, Iuliano E, Calcagno G, Fiorilli G. Does the Type of Anaerobic Test Matter? A Comparison between the Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test and Wingate Anaerobic Test in Taekwondo Athletes. Sports. 2022; 10(10):154. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10100154
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoutios, Stefanos, Alessandra di Cagno, Andrea Buonsenso, Marco Centorbi, Enzo Iuliano, Giuseppe Calcagno, and Giovanni Fiorilli. 2022. "Does the Type of Anaerobic Test Matter? A Comparison between the Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test and Wingate Anaerobic Test in Taekwondo Athletes" Sports 10, no. 10: 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10100154
APA StyleBoutios, S., di Cagno, A., Buonsenso, A., Centorbi, M., Iuliano, E., Calcagno, G., & Fiorilli, G. (2022). Does the Type of Anaerobic Test Matter? A Comparison between the Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test and Wingate Anaerobic Test in Taekwondo Athletes. Sports, 10(10), 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10100154