Crapemyrtle Bark Scale: A New Threat for Crapemyrtles, a Popular Landscape Plant in the U.S.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Taxonomy
3. Biology
4. Host Range
5. Distribution and Dispersal
6. Plant Damage and Economic Impact
7. Natural Enemies
8. Current Management
9. Research Needed to Manage A. lagerstroemiae
9.1. Potential Distribution and Host Range
9.2. Plant Resistance
9.3. Biological Control
9.3.1. Classical Biological Control
9.3.2. Augmentative Biological Control
9.3.3. Conservation Biological Control
10. Conclusions
Supplemental Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Anogeissus sp. | − | Myrtales | Combretaceae | China | [24] |
Buxus microphylla Sieb. et Zucc. | Korean Boxwood | Buxales | Buxaceae | Korea | [25] |
Celtis sinensis Pers. | Chinese hackberry | Rosales | Cannabaceae | Korea | [25] |
Dalbergia eremicola Polhill | Indian rosewood | Fabales | Fabaceae | Korea | [23] |
Diospyros kaki Thunb. | Japanese persimmon | Ericales | Ebenaceae | Korea | [25,26] |
Ficus carica L. | Edible fig | Rosales | Moraceae | Korea | [25] |
Glochidion puberum (L.) Hutch | Needlebush | Malpighiales | Euphorbiaceae | China | [27] |
Glycine max (L.) Merr. | Soybean | Fabales | Fabaceae | China | [27] |
Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. et. Zucc. | Border privet | Lamiales | Oleaceae | − | [14] |
Malus pumila Mill. | Paradise apple | Rosales | Rosaceae | China | [27] |
Mallotus japonicus Muell. Arg. | Food wrapper plant | Malpighiales | Euphorbiaceae | Korea | [25,28] |
Myrtus sp. | Myrtle | Myrtales | Myrtus | Hungary | [14] |
Punica granatum L. | Pomegranate | Myrtales | Lythraceae | China and Korea | [25,27,28] |
Pseudocydonia sinensis Schneid. | Chinese-quince | Rosales | Rosaceae | Korea | [26] |
Rubus sp. | Brambles | Rosales | Rosaceae | Hungary | [14] |
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Wang, Z.; Chen, Y.; Gu, M.; Vafaie, E.; Merchant, M.; Diaz, R. Crapemyrtle Bark Scale: A New Threat for Crapemyrtles, a Popular Landscape Plant in the U.S. Insects 2016, 7, 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040078
Wang Z, Chen Y, Gu M, Vafaie E, Merchant M, Diaz R. Crapemyrtle Bark Scale: A New Threat for Crapemyrtles, a Popular Landscape Plant in the U.S. Insects. 2016; 7(4):78. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040078
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zinan, Yan Chen, Mengmeng Gu, Erfan Vafaie, Michael Merchant, and Rodrigo Diaz. 2016. "Crapemyrtle Bark Scale: A New Threat for Crapemyrtles, a Popular Landscape Plant in the U.S." Insects 7, no. 4: 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040078
APA StyleWang, Z., Chen, Y., Gu, M., Vafaie, E., Merchant, M., & Diaz, R. (2016). Crapemyrtle Bark Scale: A New Threat for Crapemyrtles, a Popular Landscape Plant in the U.S. Insects, 7(4), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040078