The Effect of Temperature on the Development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Spodoptera Frugiperda Stock Colony
2.2. Temperature-Dependent Egg Development
2.3. Temperature-Dependent Larval and Pupal Development
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Development Stage | Temperature (±1 °C) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
18 | 22 | 26 | 30 | 32 | |
Egg | 6.38 ± 0.05 a | 4.00 ± 0.00 b | 3.00 ± 0.00 b | 2.0 ± 0.0 c | 2.0 ± 0.0 c |
(6–7) | −4 | −3 | −2 | −2 | |
Instar 1 | 4.94 ± 0.15 a | 3.70 ± 0.10 b | 2.90 ± 0.21 c | 2.70 ± 0.08 c | 2.70 ± 0.08 c |
(3–7) | (3–5) | (1–4) | (2–3) | (1–3) | |
Instar 2 | 4.52 ± 0.11 a | 3.00 ± 0.12 b | 2.14 ± 0.16 bc | 1.90 ± 0.12 c | 1.33 ± 0.08 c |
(3–7) | (2–5) | (1–3) | (1–3) | (1–2) | |
Instar 3 | 5.00 ± 0.12 a | 2.48 ± 0.09 b | 2.00 ± 0.10 bc | 1.43 ± 0.11 cd | 1.06 ± 0.04 d |
(4–6) | (2–3) | (1–3) | (1–2) | (1–2) | |
Instar 4 | 5.16 ± 0.09 a | 2.85 ± 0.11 b | 2.10 ± 0.10 bc | 1.62 ± 0.11 c | 1.52 ± 0.09 c |
(4–6) | (2–5) | (1–3) | (1–2) | (1–2) | |
Instar 5 | 6.16 ± 0.16 a | 3.42 ± 0.15 b | 2.33 ± 0.11 c | 2.19 ± 0.13 c | 1.79 ± 0.07 c |
(4–8) | (1–5) | (2–3) | (1–4) | (1–2) | |
Instar 6 | 8.61 ± 0.24 a | 5.12 ± 0.16 b | 3.38 ± 0.16 b | 2.00 ± 0.00 c | 2.06 ± 0.04 c |
(6–12) | (4–9) | (3–6) | −2 | (2–3) | |
Larvae | 34.39 ± 0.41 a | 20.58 ± 015 b | 14.86 ± 0.31 bc | 11.38 ± 0.25 cd | 10.45 ± 0.10 d |
(28–37) | (19–22) | (13–19) | (10–14) | (10–12) | |
Pupae | 30.68 ± 0.28 a | 17.06 ± 0.24 b | 11.43 ± 0.22 bc | 9.00 ± 0.12 cd | 7.82 ± 0.10 d |
(28–34) | (14–20) | (10–13) | (8–10) | (7–9) | |
Egg to adult | 71.44 ± 0.40 a | 41.64 ± 0.32 b | 29.29 ± 0.29 bc | 22.38 ± 0.27 cd | 20.27 ± 0.15 d |
(67–77) | (38–46) | (27–32) | (20–25) | (19–22) | |
Larval mortality (%) | 71 | 37 | 15 | 4 | 28 |
Development Stage | Regression model | k ± S.E. | t ± S.E. | R2-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eggs | y = 0.0280x − 0.3641 | 35.73 ± 0.31 | 13.01 ± 0.10 | 0.96 |
First instar | y = 0.0212x − 0.1801 | 47.14 ± 3.13 | 8.49 ± 0.97 | 0.69 |
Second instar | y = 0.0313x − 0.3315 | 31.98 ± 3.26 | 10.60 ± 1.28 | 0.48 |
Third instar | y = 0.0463x − 0.6242 | 21.58 ± 1.49 | 13.47 ± 0.67 | 0.67 |
Fourth instar | y = 0.0404x − 0.5293 | 24.78 ± 1.80 | 13.11 ± 0.73 | 0.65 |
Fifth instar | y = 0.0278x − 0.3113 | 36.03 ± 3.13 | 11.21 ± 1.04 | 0.56 |
Sixth instar | y = 0.0307x − 0.4560 | 32.57 ± 0.94 | 14.85 ± 0.24 | 0.92 |
Pupal stages | y = 0.0067x − 0.0869 | 150.29 ± 2.79 | 13.06 ± 0.19 | 0.97 |
Larval stage | y = 0.0049x − 0.0598 | 202.66 ± 4.45 | 12.12 ± 0.24 | 0.95 |
Egg- to-adult | y = 0.0026x − 0.0322 | 390.41 ± 4.83 | 12.57 ± 0.13 | 0.98 |
Developmental Stage | Temperature (°C) | n | Development time (days ± S.E.) | Range | Mean number of °D ± S.E. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Egg | 18 | 93 | 6.38 ± 0.05 | 6–7 | 31.84 ± 0.00 |
22 | 130 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | 4 | 35.96 ± 0.00 | |
26 | 151 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 3 | 38.97 ± 0.00 | |
30 | 128 | 2.00 ± 0.00 | 2 | 33.98 ± 0.00 | |
32 | 162 | 2.00 ± 0.00 | 2 | 37.98 ± 0.00 | |
Mean | 35.68 ± 0.22 | ||||
Larvae | 18 | 31 | 34.39 ± 0.41 | 28–37 | 202.20 ± 2.43 |
22 | 33 | 20.58 ± 0.15 | 19–22 | 203.29 ± 1.49 | |
26 | 21 | 14.86 ± 0.31 | 13–19 | 206.22 ± 4.31 | |
30 | 21 | 11.38 ± 0.25 | 10–14 | 203.49 ± 4.53 | |
32 | 33 | 10.45 ± 0.10 | 10–12 | 207.84 ± 1.95 | |
Mean | 204.60 ± 1.23 | ||||
Pupae | 18 | 31 | 30.68 ± 0.28 | 28–34 | 151.55 ± 1.36 |
22 | 33 | 17.06 ± 0.24 | 14–20 | 152.52 ± 2.16 | |
26 | 21 | 11.43 ± 0.22 | 10–13 | 147.89 ± 2.90 | |
30 | 21 | 9.00 ± 0.12 | 8–10 | 152.46 ± 2.03 | |
32 | 33 | 7.82 ± 0.10 | 7–9 | 148.08 ± 1.93 | |
Mean | 150.54 ± 0.93 | ||||
Egg to adult | 18 | 31 | 71.44 ± 0.40 | 67–77 | 387.94 ± 2.17 |
22 | 33 | 41.64 ± 0.32 | 38–46 | 392.63 ± 2.98 | |
26 | 21 | 29.29 ± 0.29 | 27–32 | 393.31 ± 3.84 | |
30 | 21 | 22.38 ± 0.27 | 20–25 | 390.10 ± 4.73 | |
32 | 33 | 20.27 ± 0.15 | 19–22 | 393.90 ± 2.84 | |
Mean | 391.61 ± 1.42 |
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Du Plessis, H.; Schlemmer, M.-L.; Van den Berg, J. The Effect of Temperature on the Development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Insects 2020, 11, 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11040228
Du Plessis H, Schlemmer M-L, Van den Berg J. The Effect of Temperature on the Development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Insects. 2020; 11(4):228. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11040228
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu Plessis, Hannalene, Marie-Louise Schlemmer, and Johnnie Van den Berg. 2020. "The Effect of Temperature on the Development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)" Insects 11, no. 4: 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11040228