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Volume 12
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10.3390/lubricants12110401
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Article

Impact of Soot on Internal Combustion Engine Lubrication—Oil Condition Monitoring, Tribological Properties, and Surface Chemistry

by
Adam Agocs
*,
Marcella Frauscher
,
Andjelka Ristic
and
Nicole Dörr
AC2T research GmbH, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Lubricants 2024, 12(11), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12110401
Submission received: 29 September 2024 / Revised: 30 October 2024 / Accepted: 18 November 2024 / Published: 20 November 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Automotive Powertrain Lubrication)
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Abstract

In the study at hand, a systemic investigation regarding the tribochemical effects of crankcase soot is presented. Sooted oils were generated via an engine dynamometer test. Both conventional as well as advanced oil condition monitoring methods indicated a mild degradation of additives. The wear volume was greatly increased with the sooted oils in model tribometer tests, despite the high residual zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) antiwear (AW) levels. Once the soot was removed via ultracentrifugation, the wear volume returned to levels comparable to the fresh oil. Surface investigations revealed that ZDDP tribofilms could not form in the sooted oils, as only a thin sulfide layer was present on the metal surfaces. Meanwhile, typical tribofilms were observable with centrifuged oils. The results indicated that a tribocorrosive mechanism is most likely responsible for the elevated wear in the sooted oils, where only the iron sulfide base layer of ZDDP films is formed, which is then rapidly removed by the soot particles in an abrasive manner.
Keywords: soot; oil degradation; internal combustion engine; diesel engine; wear; antiwear additive; zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP); high-resolution mass spectrometry; tribofilm; X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) soot; oil degradation; internal combustion engine; diesel engine; wear; antiwear additive; zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP); high-resolution mass spectrometry; tribofilm; X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Agocs, A.; Frauscher, M.; Ristic, A.; Dörr, N. Impact of Soot on Internal Combustion Engine Lubrication—Oil Condition Monitoring, Tribological Properties, and Surface Chemistry. Lubricants 2024, 12, 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12110401

AMA Style

Agocs A, Frauscher M, Ristic A, Dörr N. Impact of Soot on Internal Combustion Engine Lubrication—Oil Condition Monitoring, Tribological Properties, and Surface Chemistry. Lubricants. 2024; 12(11):401. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12110401

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agocs, Adam, Marcella Frauscher, Andjelka Ristic, and Nicole Dörr. 2024. "Impact of Soot on Internal Combustion Engine Lubrication—Oil Condition Monitoring, Tribological Properties, and Surface Chemistry" Lubricants 12, no. 11: 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12110401

APA Style

Agocs, A., Frauscher, M., Ristic, A., & Dörr, N. (2024). Impact of Soot on Internal Combustion Engine Lubrication—Oil Condition Monitoring, Tribological Properties, and Surface Chemistry. Lubricants, 12(11), 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12110401

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