Different Behaviors of Friction in Open and Closed Forging Test Utilizing Palm Oil-Based Lubricants

Increasing demand for manufactured goods in industries such as automobiles, electronics, construction, and aerospace has motivated researchers to develop sustainable manufacturing processes. Most metal-forming lubricants are not eco-friendly; they may cause substantial chemical emissions and constitute a community threat. Bio-oil lubricants are seen as possible replacements for mineral oil-based lubricants. Computational modelling of the forging process uses the finite element method to accelerate and improve design. This research intends to act as a case study and demonstrate how friction behaves differently in open-closed forging tests of different palm oil derivatives. The relationship between the different types of friction was studied using a cold forging test in conjunction with the development of a Coulomb–Tresca friction model. From the results, it can be shown that the friction behavior for the closed forging test (CFT) and the ring compression test (RCT) differs; the CFT exhibits a diversified friction adaptation, while the RCT exhibits a single friction adaptation. From both tests, palm stearin (PS) shows the lowest friction behavior where at RCT the friction is estimated at m = 0.10/μ = 0.05 and the CFT has a varied friction and the average friction is estimated at m = 0.352/μ = 0.1626. On the other hand, commercial metal-forming oil (CMFO) shows the highest lubrication sample in friction, where the value of friction is similar to the no lubricant sample (NA-O), which is (m = 0.45/μ = 0.1875) on the RCT test and (m = 0.424/μ = 0.1681) on the CFT test.