Etiology-Driven Personalized Cochlear Implantation: Implications for Electrode Choice, Timing, and Outcomes

Background/Objectives: A Cochlear implantation (CI) is well-established auditory rehabilitation for severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), yet outcomes vary widely among implantees. Even with advancements in surgical methods and device technology, CI is still commonly applied as a generally uniform procedure, with limited attention to the underlying cause of SNHL. This review aims to summarize current evidence supporting etiology-based personalization of CI and to examine how etiology influences electrode selection, implantation timing, and clinical outcomes. Methods: We reviewed clinical and translational studies focusing on congenital cytomegalovirus infection, genetic hearing loss, cochlear nerve deficiency, and inner-ear malformations, emphasizing how etiology influences cochlear anatomy, neural integrity, and CI outcomes. Results: Etiology significantly affects neural survival, cochlear anatomy, and auditory plasticity, all of which influence optimal electrode design, insertion strategy, and timing of CI. Tailoring CI approaches to specific etiologies may help explain the substantial variability in outcomes observed in both children and adults. Conclusions: CI should be viewed as a precision-based intervention rather than a uniform treatment. Integrating etiology into clinical decision-making is essential for advancing truly personalized CI.