Association Between Amerindian Ancestry and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Chilean Mixed Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Communal Development Index (CDI): Calculated in 2020 by the Universidad Autónoma, it corresponds to the multidimensional evaluation of Chile’s communes in economic, educational, and health aspects, taking values ranging from 0 (minimum development) to 1 (maximum development) [42].
- Elderly People Proportion (EPP): Quotient between the number of people over 60 in a commune and the total population. We calculated it from the CENSUS 2017 database [38].
- Smoking rate of 100 or more cigarettes (SMK100): Estimates the proportion of people who have smoked 100 or more cigarettes in their lifetime. This variable was obtained from the National Health Survey (NHS) from years 2016–2017 [43]. We calculated the percentage of people in each commune who have smoked 100 cigarettes or more in their lifetime.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AIMs | Ancestry Informative Markers |
COPD | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
DEIS | Departamento de Estadísticas e Información en Salud |
GWAS | Genome-Wide Association Studies |
CDI | Communal Development Index |
EPP | Elderly People Proportion |
SMK100 | Proportion of people who have smoked 100 or more cigarettes |
r | Pearson correlation coefficient |
IRR | Incidence rate ratio |
HD | Hospital discharge ratio |
SMR | Specific mortality ratio |
Appendix A
Commune | %AYM | %MAP | EPP | CDI | SMK100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arica | 0.34 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.54 | 0.29 |
Iquique | 0.28 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.60 | 0.48 |
Alto Hospicio | 0.31 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.41 | 0.30 |
La Serena | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.58 | 0.53 |
Coquimbo | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.52 | 0.36 |
Colina | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 0.52 | 0.57 |
Lampa | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.45 | 0.55 |
Lo Barnechea | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.67 | 0.67 |
Quilicura | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.09 | 0.58 | 0.52 |
Huechuraba | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.56 | 0.20 |
Conchalí | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.47 | 0.60 |
Renca | 0.13 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.48 | 0.50 |
Recoleta | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.54 | 0.38 |
Independencia | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.54 | 0.78 |
Las Condes | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.88 | 0.75 |
Pudahuel | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.12 | 0.55 | 0.40 |
Providencia | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.88 | 0.71 |
Santiago | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.78 | 0.66 |
La Reina | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.61 | 0.56 |
Ñuñoa | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.66 | 0.42 |
San Miguel | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.61 | 0.69 |
Peñalolen | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.53 | 0.53 |
Maipu | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.60 | 0.51 |
La Florida | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.59 | 0.38 |
San Bernardo | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.12 | 0.52 | 0.74 |
Puente Alto | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.54 | 0.53 |
Molina | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.50 |
Coihueco | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.26 |
San Carlios | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.41 | 0.30 |
Chillán | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.54 | 0.40 |
Chillán Viejo | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.13 | 0.38 | 0.54 |
Lautaro | 0.19 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.37 | |
Temuco | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.60 | 0.45 |
Nueva Imperial | 0.14 | 0.43 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.50 |
Padre Las Casas | 0.17 | 0.33 | 0.13 | 0.32 | 0.24 |
Pitrufquen | 0.15 | 0.34 | 0.19 | 0.35 | |
Gorbea | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.33 | |
Villarica | 0.17 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.41 | 0.27 |
Puerto Montt | 0.17 | 0.35 | 0.12 | 0.54 | 0.35 |
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Region | COPD | |
---|---|---|
HDR | SMR | |
Arica | 40.83 | 9.97 |
Tarapacá y Parinacota | 26.69 | 4.20 |
Coquimbo | 17.67 | 9.30 |
Metropolitana | 36.47 | 13.86 |
Maule | 62.46 | 25.50 |
Ñuble | 27.68 | 12.77 |
La Araucanía | 75.60 | 15.15 |
Los Lagos | 46.78 | 7.47 |
Tasa | Ancestry- | r | IRR | p-Value | adj. IRR | adj. p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Discharges | Amerindian | 0.354 | 34.347 | 0.025 | 26.958 | 0.050 |
Mapuche | 0.503 | 277.023 | 0.004 | 103.750 | 0.024 | |
Aymara | −0.096 | 0.087 | 0.333 | 1.233 | 0.921 | |
Mortality | Amerindian | −0.061 | 0.481 | 0.401 | 0.947 | 0.951 |
Mapuche | 0.194 | 2.994 | 0.358 | 10.252 | 0.031 | |
Aymara | −0.359 | 0.032 | 0.004 | 0.104 | 0.023 |
Tasa | Predictor Variables | Amerindian | Mapuche | Aymara | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRR | p | IRR | p | IRR | p | ||
Discharges | Ancestry | 26.958 | 0.050 | 103.750 | 0.024 | 1.233 | 0.921 |
CDI | 0.531 | 0.537 | 0.850 | 0.878 | 0.145 | <0.001 | |
SMK100 | 1.438 | 0.634 | 0.828 | 0.799 | 1.244 | 0.020 | |
EPP | 465,162.100 | <0.001 | 981,118.9 | <0.001 | 308,832.000 | <0.001 | |
Mortality | Ancestry | 0.947 | 0.951 | 10.252 | 0.031 | 0.104 | 0.023 |
CDI | 0.312 | 0.031 | 0.570 | 0.282 | 0.285 | 0.005 | |
SMK100 | 2.630 | 0.013 | 2.494 | 0.011 | 2.116 | 0.050 | |
EPP | 6920.118 | <0.001 | 12,434.110 | <0.001 | 4673.275 | <0.001 |
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Silva, V.; Canals, A.; Cifuentes, L. Association Between Amerindian Ancestry and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Chilean Mixed Population. J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15, 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15040137
Silva V, Canals A, Cifuentes L. Association Between Amerindian Ancestry and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Chilean Mixed Population. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2025; 15(4):137. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15040137
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Vicente, Andrea Canals, and Lucia Cifuentes. 2025. "Association Between Amerindian Ancestry and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Chilean Mixed Population" Journal of Personalized Medicine 15, no. 4: 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15040137
APA StyleSilva, V., Canals, A., & Cifuentes, L. (2025). Association Between Amerindian Ancestry and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Chilean Mixed Population. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 15(4), 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15040137