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Volume 14
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10.3390/jpm14070763
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Systematic Review

A Systematic Review of the Effects of EEG Neurofeedback on Patients with Schizophrenia

by
Dan Cătălin Oprea
1,2,
Iasmin Mawas
1,
Cătălina Andreea Moroșan
1,2,
Vlad Teodor Iacob
1,2,
Eliza Mihaela Cămănaru
1,2,
Ana Caterina Cristofor
1,2,
Romeo Petru Dobrin
1,2,*,
Bogdan Gireadă
1,2,
Florin Dumitru Petrariu
3 and
Roxana Chiriță
1,2
1
Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
2
Institute of Psychiatry “Socola”, 36 Bucium Street, 700282 Iasi, Romania
3
Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(7), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14070763
Submission received: 14 June 2024 / Revised: 16 July 2024 / Accepted: 17 July 2024 / Published: 18 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Methodology, Drug and Device Discovery)
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Abstract

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder affecting approximately 1 in 300 people worldwide. It is characterized by a range of symptoms, including positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, and formal thought disorganization), negative symptoms (anhedonia, alogia, avolition, asociality, and blunted affect), and cognitive impairments (impaired memory, attention, executive function, and processing speed). Current treatments, such as psychopharmacology and psychotherapy, often do not fully address these symptoms, leading to impaired everyday functionality. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in neuromodulation due to computer and engineering science making extraordinary computational advances. Those put together have reinitiated the spark in the field of neurofeedback (NF) as a means for self-regulation and neuromodulation with the potential to alleviate the daily burden of schizophrenia. We review, in a systematic way, the primary reports of electroencephalogram (EEG)-based NF as a therapeutical tool for schizophrenia. The main body of research consists mostly of case studies and case reports. The results of a few randomized controlled studies, combined with case studies/series, underscore the potential use of NF as an add-on treatment option for improving the lives of suffering individuals, being sustained by the changes in brain function and symptomatology improvement. We aim to provide important evidence of neuromodulation using NF in patients with schizophrenia, summarizing the effects and conclusions found in several clinical trials.
Keywords: electroencephalography neurofeedback; brainwave biofeedback; neurofeedback; schizophrenia; self-regulation; neuromodulation electroencephalography neurofeedback; brainwave biofeedback; neurofeedback; schizophrenia; self-regulation; neuromodulation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Oprea, D.C.; Mawas, I.; Moroșan, C.A.; Iacob, V.T.; Cămănaru, E.M.; Cristofor, A.C.; Dobrin, R.P.; Gireadă, B.; Petrariu, F.D.; Chiriță, R. A Systematic Review of the Effects of EEG Neurofeedback on Patients with Schizophrenia. J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14, 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14070763

AMA Style

Oprea DC, Mawas I, Moroșan CA, Iacob VT, Cămănaru EM, Cristofor AC, Dobrin RP, Gireadă B, Petrariu FD, Chiriță R. A Systematic Review of the Effects of EEG Neurofeedback on Patients with Schizophrenia. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2024; 14(7):763. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14070763

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oprea, Dan Cătălin, Iasmin Mawas, Cătălina Andreea Moroșan, Vlad Teodor Iacob, Eliza Mihaela Cămănaru, Ana Caterina Cristofor, Romeo Petru Dobrin, Bogdan Gireadă, Florin Dumitru Petrariu, and Roxana Chiriță. 2024. "A Systematic Review of the Effects of EEG Neurofeedback on Patients with Schizophrenia" Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, no. 7: 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14070763

APA Style

Oprea, D. C., Mawas, I., Moroșan, C. A., Iacob, V. T., Cămănaru, E. M., Cristofor, A. C., Dobrin, R. P., Gireadă, B., Petrariu, F. D., & Chiriță, R. (2024). A Systematic Review of the Effects of EEG Neurofeedback on Patients with Schizophrenia. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 14(7), 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14070763

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