Potential Association of Isolated γ-Glutamyltransferase Elevation with Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in Lean Koreans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Study End Point
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Q1 (n = 2953) | Q2 (n = 2187) | Q3 (n = 2297) | Q4 (n = 2457) | p-Value 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum GGT (IU/L) | ≤14 | 15–19 | 20–29 | ≥30 | |
Age (years) | 42.9 ± 10.1 | 45.2 ± 10.9 | 45.9 ± 10.7 | 46.3 ± 9.6 | <0.001 |
Male sex (%) | 14.0 | 41.6 | 65.1 | 80.8 | <0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.3 ± 1.9 | 21.8 ± 1.9 | 22.4 ± 1.9 | 22.8 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 114.0 ± 13.9 | 118.4 ± 14.5 | 121.2 ± 14.3 | 124.1 ± 13.9 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.7 ± 9.1 | 73.7 ± 9.3 | 75.8 ± 9.3 | 78.1 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 87.6 ± 8.3 | 89.8 ± 9.1 | 91.1 ± 9.3 | 93.3 ± 10.0 | <0.001 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 17.5 ± 4.0 | 18.9 ± 4.4 | 20.1 ± 4.7 | 22.0 ± 5.1 | <0.001 |
Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 15.0 ± 4.6 | 17.5 ± 5.5 | 20.2 ± 6.5 | 24.1 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 178.1 ± 31.2 | 185.6 ± 32.2 | 189.0 ± 32.5 | 196.0 ± 34.0 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 84.0 ± 38.3 | 100.0 ± 51.8 | 116.0 ± 59.6 | 145.1 ± 87.3 | <0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58.0 ± 12.2 | 55.3 ± 12.5 | 52.8 ± 12.6 | 52.7 ± 12.6 | <0.001 |
Log C-reactive protein (mg/L) | −1.1 ± 1.0 | −0.7 ± 1.0 | −0.5 ± 1.1 | −0.2 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
Current smoker (%) | 6.8 | 17.7 | 28.9 | 44.5 | <0.001 |
Alcohol drinking 2 (%) | 27.1 | 38.8 | 47.0 | 61.1 | <0.001 |
Regular exercise 3 (%) | 30.3 | 32.6 | 31.5 | 31.0 | 0.363 |
HSI score | 29.9 ± 2.3 | 30.4 ± 2.6 | 31.1 ± 2.8 | 32.0 ± 2.9 | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 22.7 | 23.6 | 27.3 | 38.3 | <0.001 |
Prediabetes (%) | 7.8 | 12.7 | 15.4 | 39.9 | <0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 7.8 | 12.4 | 17.2 | 23.7 | <0.001 |
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p for Trend | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New cases of ischemic heart disease, n | 25 | 38 | 52 | 68 | ||
Mean follow-up, years | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | ||
Pearson–years of follow-up | 6821 | 4975 | 5366 | 5886 | ||
Incidence rate/1000 people–years | 3.7 | 7.6 | 9.7 | 11.6 | ||
Model 1 | HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.52 (0.90–2.54) | 1.69 (1.02–2.82) | 1.93 (1.15–3.21) | 0.094 |
p-value | - | 0.115 | 0.043 | 0.012 | ||
Model 2 | HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.68 (0.97–2.92) | 1.86 (1.08–3.22) | 2.09 (1.20–3.66) | 0.075 |
p-value | - | 0.066 | 0.026 | 0.009 | ||
Model 3 | HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.66 (0.95–2.89) | 1.82 (1.05–3.16) | 1.98 (1.12–3.50) | 0.118 |
p-value | - | 0.075 | 0.033 | 0.018 |
Men | Q1 (≤19) | Q2 (20–26) | Q3 (27–38) | Q4 (≥39) | p for Trend | |
Model 1 | HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.05 (0.62–1.77) | 0.98 (0.57–1.67) | 1.29 (0.78–2.11) | 0.663 |
p-value | - | 0.868 | 0.931 | 0.320 | ||
Model 2 | HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.12 (0.65–1.92) | 1.06 (0.61–1.86) | 1.31 (0.76–2.24) | 0.780 |
p-value | - | 0.680 | 0.831 | 0.330 | ||
Model 3 | HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.11 (0.64–1.90) | 1.03 (0.59–1.81) | 1.23 (0.71–2.14) | 0.8797 |
p-value | - | 0.715 | 0.922 | 0.463 | ||
Women | Q1 (≤12) | Q2 (13–15) | Q3 (16–20) | Q4 (≥21) | p for Trend | |
Model 1 | HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.36 (0.59–3.15) | 1.79 (0.80–4.02) | 2.38 (1.13–5.01) | 0.108 |
p-value | - | 0.475 | 0.155 | 0.022 | ||
Model 2 | HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.73 (0.67–4.47) | 2.17 (0.86–5.49) | 2.86 (1.19–6.83) | 0.110 |
p-value | - | 0.260 | 0.103 | 0.018 | ||
Model 3 | HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.79 (0.69–4.63) | 2.18 (0.86–5.54) | 2.86 (1.19–6.87) | 0.119 |
p-value | - | 0.233 | 0.101 | 0.018 |
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Sung, Y.; Lee, Y.-J.; Jung, D.-H.; Park, B. Potential Association of Isolated γ-Glutamyltransferase Elevation with Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in Lean Koreans. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 1966. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12121966
Sung Y, Lee Y-J, Jung D-H, Park B. Potential Association of Isolated γ-Glutamyltransferase Elevation with Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in Lean Koreans. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2022; 12(12):1966. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12121966
Chicago/Turabian StyleSung, Yumin, Yong-Jae Lee, Dong-Hyuk Jung, and Byoungjin Park. 2022. "Potential Association of Isolated γ-Glutamyltransferase Elevation with Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in Lean Koreans" Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 12: 1966. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12121966