A Multi-Teacher Knowledge Distillation Framework for Enhancing the Robustness of Automated Sperm Morphology Assessment

Background/Objectives: The manual analysis of sperm morphology, crucial for male infertility diagnosis, is subjective and time-consuming. Automated methods using deep learning, offer a promising alternative; however, standard deep models are prone to overfitting when applied to small, heavily unbalanced clinical datasets, limiting their generalization capability. This study proposes a knowledge distillation approach that functions as a strong regularizer, improving the robustness of automated sperm morphology analysis. Methods: We utilize soft distillation to transfer knowledge from a set of high-capacity teacher models to a smaller student model (SwinV2-base). The teacher architectures include SwinV2-large, EfficientNetV2-m, and ConvNeXtV2-large. To maximize performance, we investigated two distillation strategies: a single-teacher approach, where the student learns from one specific architecture, and a multi-teacher approach, where the student learns from an averaged response of multiple teachers. The models were trained on the imbalanced Hi-LabSpermMorpho dataset, which comprises 18 different sperm morphology categories derived from three differently stained (BesLab, Histoplus, GBL) sample sets. We adopted a cross-dataset training approach in which the teacher models were fine-tuned using the combination of two stained datasets, and the student model was trained on the third, distinct stained dataset. The global loss function combined cross-entropy loss with Kullback–Leibler divergence, employing the teacher’s soft probabilities to prevent the student from over-confidence. Results: The experimental results demonstrate that the student model trained in a multi-teacher setup with augmentation and soft distillation attains higher accuracies (70.94% on BesLab, 73.61% on Histoplus, 71.63% on GBL) than the baseline models. Conclusions: This approach mitigates challenges associated with data scarcity and heavily unbalanced sperm morphology datasets, providing consistent improvements and offering a highly generalizable solution for clinical diagnostics.