Correlating Various Clinical Outcomes and Associated Dispositions in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury
1.2. Impact of TBI
1.2.1. Demographics
1.2.2. Cost of TBI in the United States
1.2.3. Factors Affecting Outcomes Following TBI
1.2.4. Mechanism and Type of Injury
1.2.5. Alcohol Use and TBI
1.2.6. Disposition Following TBI
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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AMA | Brain Dead | Died | Home | Home with Services | Homeless | Inpatient Rehab | Other Acute Care | Police Custody | Psych | SAR | SNF | TBI Rehab | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex (n,%) | ||||||||||||||
Female | 2 (0.24) | 2 (0.24) | 26 (3.16) | 99 (12.01) | 18 (2.18) | - | 14 (1.70) | 7 (0.85) | - | 2 (0.24) | 19 | 7 (0.85) | 11 (1.33) | 207 (25.12) |
Male | 17 (2.06) | 15 (1.82) | 76 (9.22) | 336 (40.78) | 28 (3.40) | 8 (0.97) | 28 (3.40) | 26 (3.16) | 3 (0.36) | 1 (0.12) | 27 (3.28) | 20 (2.43) | 32 (3.88) | 617 (74.88) |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
Hispanic Origin | 8 | 10 | 41 | 214 | 19 | 4 | 16 | 14 | 2 | 1 | 16 | 9 | 17 | 371 |
Non-Hispanic Origin | 11 | 6 | 51 | 200 | 22 | 4 | 25 | 18 | 1 | 2 | 29 | 16 | 23 | 408 |
Unknown | - | 1 | 10 | 21 | 5 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 2 | 3 | 45 |
Race | ||||||||||||||
Asian | 2 | 1 | 19 | 58 | 8 | - | 6 | 7 | - | 2 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 121 |
Black | 4 | 1 | 3 | 37 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | . | 3 | 2 | 1 | 69 |
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 |
Other | 9 | 10 | 51 | 269 | 19 | 4 | 23 | 17 | 2 | 1 | 25 | 15 | 23 | 468 |
Unknown | - | 1 | 8 | 8 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 2 | 21 |
White | 4 | 4 | 20 | 62 | 12 | - | 8 | 5 | - | - | 10 | 7 | 10 | 142 |
Type of Injury | ||||||||||||||
Blunt | 19 | 15 | 96 | 429 | 46 | 8 | 42 | 33 | 3 | 3 | 46 | 25 | 41 | 806 |
Penetrating | - | 2 | 6 | 6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | 18 |
AMA | Brain Dead | Died | Home | Home w/Services | Homeless | Inpt Rehab | Other Acute | Police | Psych | SAR | SNF | TBI Rehab | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infant (0 ≤ years < 2) | . | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | 7 | . | . | . | . | . | 9 |
Child (2 ≤ years < 13) | . | . | 2 | 2 | . | . | . | 3 | . | . | . | . | . | 7 |
Adolescent (13 ≤ years < 18) | . | . | . | 5 | . | . | 1 | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | 7 |
Adult (18 ≤ years < 65) | 15 | 13 | 56 | 328 | 17 | 7 | 23 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 17 | 33 | 537 |
Geriatric (≥65 years) | 4 | 4 | 44 | 98 | 29 | 1 | 18 | 10 | . | . | 36 | 10 | 10 | 264 |
Disposition | N | Age (Mean Years) | EDLOS (Mean Hours) | HLOS (Mean Days) | ICULOS (Mean Days) | Vent (Mean Days) | GCS (Mean Score) | ISS (Mean Score) | AIS (Mean Score) | ETOH (Mean mg/dL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMA | 19 | 55.15 | 13.89 | 6.63 | 3.28 | 1.26 | 14.16 | 14 | 3.32 | 104.47 |
Brain Dead | 17 | 53.18 | 5.29 | 11.24 | 4.49 | 8.65 | 5.12 | 25.76 | 4.47 | 98.18 |
Died | 102 | 58.99 | 4.88 | 9.05 | 4.35 | 2.77 | 6.93 | 31.02 | 4.24 | 79.24 |
Home | 435 | 48.13 | 14.5 | 6.6 | 1.77 | 0.41 | 13.98 | 14.57 | 3.41 | 114.79 |
Home with services | 46 | 65.13 | 16.44 | 12.76 | 2.89 | 0.59 | 13.72 | 18.43 | 3.87 | 40.75 |
Homeless | 8 | 49.65 | 12.64 | 7.63 | 0.26 | 0 | 14.88 | 13.63 | 3.38 | 162.38 |
Inpatient rehab | 42 | 59.59 | 10.23 | 18.33 | 7.67 | 2.71 | 12.21 | 20.14 | 3.79 | 66.22 |
Other Acute Care | 33 | 39.43 | 9.24 | 8.64 | 3.15 | 1.91 | 12.91 | 16.58 | 3.67 | 45.43 |
Police Custody | 3 | 30.93 | 15.79 | 3.67 | 2.44 | 0 | 13.33 | 13.67 | 3 | 288.67 |
Psych | 3 | 34.13 | 19.52 | 8.33 | 1.74 | 0 | 15 | 12.67 | 3 | 0 |
SAR | 46 | 75.08 | 12.5 | 22.65 | 3.51 | 0.76 | 13.87 | 17.91 | 3.65 | 39.72 |
SNF | 27 | 54.06 | 9.19 | 50.89 | 15.58 | 11.11 | 10.26 | 21.44 | 4 | 89.2 |
TBI Rehab | 43 | 52.22 | 7.6 | 35.6 | 11.53 | 5.23 | 9.93 | 21.84 | 3.98 | 108.24 |
Variable | Test | F/Chi-Square | DF | p-Value | Significant? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EDLOS | ANOVA | 8.14 | 12 | <0.0001 | Yes |
HLOS | ANOVA | 17.37 | 12 | <0.0001 | Yes |
ICULOS | ANOVA | 17.03 | 12 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Vent | ANOVA | 14.03 | 12 | <0.0001 | Yes |
GCS | ANOVA | 43.77 | 12 | <0.0001 | Yes |
ISS | ANOVA | 27.25 | 12 | <0.0001 | Yes |
AIS | ANOVA | 13.48 | 12 | <0.0001 | Yes |
ETOH | ANOVA | 3.08 | 12 | 0.0003 | Yes |
Predictor | Degree of Freedom (DF) | Wald Chi-Square | p-Value | Interpretation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 12 | 98.2 | <0.0001 | Strong overall effect |
Sex | 12 | 12.2 | 0.432 | Not significant |
GCS | 12 | 50.7 | <0.0001 | Strong overall effect |
AIS | 12 | 9.6 | 0.650 | Not significant |
ISS | 12 | 32.6 | 0.0011 | Significant effect |
HLOS | 12 | 40.2 | <0.0001 | Strong effect |
EDLOS, ICULOS, ETOH, Vent | Not significant overall |
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Sharma, B.; Patel, T.; Dawson-Moroz, S.; Agriantonis, G.; Hasan, M.; Bhatia, N.D.; Garcia, C.; Nesamony, P.; Dave, J.; Mestre, J.; et al. Correlating Various Clinical Outcomes and Associated Dispositions in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Life 2025, 15, 1262. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081262
Sharma B, Patel T, Dawson-Moroz S, Agriantonis G, Hasan M, Bhatia ND, Garcia C, Nesamony P, Dave J, Mestre J, et al. Correlating Various Clinical Outcomes and Associated Dispositions in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Life. 2025; 15(8):1262. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081262
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharma, Bharti, Tirth Patel, Sarah Dawson-Moroz, George Agriantonis, Munirah Hasan, Navin D. Bhatia, Carrie Garcia, Praise Nesamony, Jasmine Dave, Juan Mestre, and et al. 2025. "Correlating Various Clinical Outcomes and Associated Dispositions in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)" Life 15, no. 8: 1262. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081262
APA StyleSharma, B., Patel, T., Dawson-Moroz, S., Agriantonis, G., Hasan, M., Bhatia, N. D., Garcia, C., Nesamony, P., Dave, J., Mestre, J., Arora, S., Bhatti, S., Shafaee, Z., Phalakornkul, S., Twelker, K., & Whittington, J. (2025). Correlating Various Clinical Outcomes and Associated Dispositions in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Life, 15(8), 1262. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081262