The Spectrum of ACS: Towards a More Personalized Approach
1. How It All Started
2. STEMI and NSTEMI
3. Plaque Rupture and Erosion
4. Other Types of Infarction
5. MINOCA
6. Spontaneous Coronary Dissection
7. Takotsubo Syndrome
8. Myocarditis
9. The Bottom Line
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Messerli, F.H.; Messerli, A.W.; Lüscher, T.F. Eisenhower’s billion-dollar heart attack—50 years later. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 353, 1205–1207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lüscher, T.F.; Obeid, S. From Eisenhower’s heart attack to modern management: A true success story! Eur. Heart J. 2017, 38, 3066–3069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zoll, P.M.; Linenthal, A.J.; Gibson, W.; Paul, M.H.; Norman, L.R. Termination of ventricular fibrillation in man by externally applied electric countershock. N. Engl. J. Med. 1956, 254, 727–732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Black, J.W.; Crowther, A.F.; Shanks, R.G.; Smith, L.H.; Dornhorst, A.C. A New Adrenergic Betareceptor Antagonist. Lancet 1964, 1, 1080–1081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vane, J.R.; Botting, R.M. The mechanism of action of aspirin. Thromb. Res. 2003, 110, 255–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meier, B.; Bachmann, D.; Lüscher, T. 25 years of coronary angioplasty: Almost a fairy tale. Lancet 2003, 361, 527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Group I-C. Randomized trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1988, 12, A3–A13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zijlstra, F.; Hoorntje, J.C.; de Boer, M.J.; Reiffers, S.; Miedema, K.; Ottervanger, J.P.; van Hof, A.W.; Suryapranata, H. Long-term benefit of primary angioplasty as compared with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 341, 1413–1419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Endo, A. A historical perspective on the discovery of statins. Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci. 2010, 86, 484–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pfeffer, M.A.; Braunwald, E.; Moyé, L.A.; Basta, L.; Brown, E.J., Jr.; Cuddy, T.E.; Davis, B.R.; Geltman, E.M.; Goldman, S.; Flaker, G.C.; et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992, 327, 669–677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Furberg, C.D.; Hawkins, C.M.; Lichstein, E. Effect of propranolol in postinfarction patients with mechanical or electrical complications. Circulation 1984, 69, 761–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thygesen, K.; Alpert, J.S.; Jaffe, A.S.; Chaitman, B.R.; Bax, J.J.; Morrow, D.A.; White, H.D.; Group ESD. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Eur. Heart J. 2018, 40, 237–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibanez, B.; James, S.; Agewall, S.; Antunes, M.J.; Bucciarelli-Ducci, C.; Bueno, H.; Caforio, A.L.P.; Crea, F.; Goudevenos, J.A.; Halvorsen, S.; et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J. 2018, 39, 119–177. [Google Scholar]
- Collet, J.P.; Thiele, H.; Barbato, E.; Barthélémy, O.; Bauersachs, J.; Bhatt, D.L.; Dendale, P.; Dorobantu, M.; Edvardsen, T.; Folliguet, T.; et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur. Heart J. 2020, ehaa575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Banning, A.P.; Crea, F.; Lüscher, T.F. The year in cardiology: Acute coronary syndromes. Eur. Heart J. 2020, 41, 821–832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Davies, M.J. Stability and instability: Two faces of coronary atherosclerosis. The Paul Dudley White Lecture 1995. Circulation 1996, 94, 2013–2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barlis, P.; Serruys, P.W.; Devries, A.; Regar, E. Optical coherence tomography assessment of vulnerable plaque rupture: Predilection for the plaque ‘shoulder’. Eur. Heart J. 2008, 29, 2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Van der Wal, A.C.; Becker, A.E.; van der Loos, C.M.; Das, P.K. Site of intimal rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque morphology. Circulation 1994, 89, 36–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maier, W.; Altwegg, L.A.; Corti, R.; Gay, S.; Hersberger, M.; Maly, F.E.; Sütsch, G.; Roffi, M.; Neidhart, M.; Eberli, F.R.; et al. Inflammatory markers at the site of ruptured plaque in acute myocardial infarction: Locally increased interleukin-6 and serum amyloid A but decreased C-reactive protein. Circulation 2005, 111, 1355–1361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Altwegg, L.A.; Neidhart, M.; Hersberger, M.; Müller, S.; Eberli, F.R.; Corti, R.; Roffi, M.; Sütsch, G.; Gay, S.; von Eckardstein, A.; et al. Myeloid-related protein 8/14 complex is released by monocytes and granulocytes at the site of coronary occlusion: A novel, early, and sensitive marker of acute coronary syndromes. Eur. Heart J. 2007, 28, 941–948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wyss, C.A.; Neidhart, M.; Altwegg, L.; Spanaus, K.S.; Yonekawa, K.; Wischnewsky, M.B.; Corti, R.; Kucher, N.; Roffi, M.; Eberli, F.R.; et al. Cellular actors, Toll-like receptors, and local cytokine profile in acute coronary syndromes. Eur. Heart J. 2010, 31, 1457–1469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brokopp, C.E.; Schoenauer, R.; Richards, P.; Bauer, S.; Lohmann, C.; Emmert, M.Y.; Weber, B.; Winnik, S.; Aikawa, E.; Graves, K.; et al. Fibroblast activation protein is induced by inflammation and degrades type I collagen in thin-cap fibroatheromata. Eur. Heart J. 2011, 32, 2713–2722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niccoli, G.; Montone, R.A.; Di Vito, L.; Gramegna, M.; Refaat, H.; Scalone, G.; Leone, A.M.; Trani, C.; Burzotta, F.; Porto, I.; et al. Plaque rupture and intact fibrous cap assessed by optical coherence tomography portend different outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Eur. Heart J. 2015, 36, 1377–1384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farag, M.; Spinthakis, N.; Gue, Y.X.; Srinivasan, M.; Sullivan, K.; Wellsted, D.; Gorog, D.A. Impaired endogenous fibrinolysis in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention is a predictor of recurrent cardiovascular events: The RISK PPCI study. Eur. Heart J. 2018, 40, 295–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blondheim, D.S.; Kleiner-Shochat, M.; Asif, A.; Kazatsker, M.; Frimerman, A.; Abu-Fanne, R.; Neiman, E.; Barel, M.; Levy, Y.; Amsalem, N.; et al. Characteristics, Management, and Outcome of Transient ST-elevation Versus Persistent ST-elevation and Non-ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 2018, 121, 1449–1455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Partida, R.A.; Libby, P.; Crea, F.; Jang, I.-K. Plaque erosion: A new in vivo diagnosis and a potential major shift in the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Eur. Heart J. 2018, 39, 2070–2076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dai, J.; Xing, L.; Jia, H.; Zhu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Hu, S.; Lin, L.; Ma, L.; Liu, H.; Xu, M.; et al. In vivo predictors of plaque erosion in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: A clinical, angiographical, and intravascular optical coherence tomography study. Eur. Hear. J. 2018, 39, 2077–2085. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crea, F.; Libby, P. Acute Coronary Syndromes: The Way Forward from Mechanisms to Precision Treatment. Circulation 2017, 136, 1155–1166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leistner, D.M.; Kränkel, N.; Meteva, D.; Abdelwahed, Y.S.; Seppelt, C.; Stähli, B.E.; Rai, H.; Skurk, C.; Lauten, A.; Mochmann, H.C.; et al. Differential immunological signature at the culprit site distinguishes acute coronary syndrome with intact from acute coronary syndrome with ruptured fibrous cap: Results from the prospective translational OPTICO-ACS study. Eur. Heart J. 2020, 41, 3549–3560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jia, H.; Dai, J.; Hou, J.; Xing, L.; Ma, L.; Liu, H.; Xu, M.; Yao, Y.; Hu, S.; Yamamoto, E.; et al. Effective anti-thrombotic therapy without stenting: Intravascular optical coherence tomography-based management in plaque erosion (the EROSION study). Eur. Heart J. 2017, 38, 792–800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katus, H.A. Development of the Cardiac Troponin T Immunoassay. Clin. Chem. 2008, 54, 1576–1577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scalone, G.; Niccoli, G.; Crea, F. Editor’s Choice-Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of MINOCA: An update. Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care 2019, 8, 54–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ciliberti, G.; Mancone, M.; Guerra, F.; Capucci, A. Is invasive coronary provocation testing cost-effective among MINOCA patients? Eur. Heart J. 2018, 39, 3334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dreyer, R.P.; Tavella, R.; Curtis, J.P.; Wang, Y.; Pauspathy, S.; Messenger, J.; Rumsfeld, J.S.; Maddox, T.M.; Krumholz, H.M.; Spertus, J.A.; et al. Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries as compared with myocardial infarction and obstructive coronary disease: Outcomes in a Medicare population. Eur. Heart J. 2020, 41, 870–878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adlam, D.; Alfonso, F.; Maas, A.; Vrints, C. European Society of Cardiology, acute cardiovascular care association, SCAD study group: A position paper on spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Eur. Heart J. 2018, 39, 3353–3368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saw, J.; Starovoytov, A.; Humphries, K.; Sheth, T.; So, D.; Minhas, K.; Brass, N.; Lavoie, A.; Bishop, H.; Lavi, S.; et al. Canadian spontaneous coronary artery dissection cohort study: In-hospital and 30-day outcomes. Eur. Heart J. 2019, 40, 1188–1197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghadri, J.R.; Wittstein, I.S.; Prasad, A.; Sharkey, S.; Dote, K.; Akashi, Y.J.; Cammann, V.L.; Crea, F.; Galiuto, L.; Desmet, W.; et al. International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part I): Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Criteria, and Pathophysiology. Eur. Heart J. 2018, 39, 2032–2046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Templin, C.; Ghadri, J.R.; Diekmann, J.; Napp, L.C.; Bataiosu, D.R.; Jaguszewski, M.; Cammann, V.L.; Sarcon, A.; Geyer, V.; Neumann, C.A.; et al. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015, 373, 929–938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ghadri, J.R.; Wittstein, I.S.; Prasad, A.; Sharkey, S.; Dote, K.; Akashi, Y.J.; Cammann, V.L.; Crea, F.; Galiuto, L.; Desmet, W.; et al. International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part II): Diagnostic Workup, Outcome, and Management. Eur. Heart J. 2018, 39, 2047–2062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patriki, D.; Kottwitz, J.; Berg, J.; Landmesser, U.; Lüscher, T.F.; Heidecker, B. Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Findings in Men Versus Women with Myocarditis. J. Women’s Health 2020, 29, 193–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bruestle, K.; Hackner, K.; Kreye, G.; Heidecker, B. Autoimmunity in Acute Myocarditis: How Immunopathogenesis Steers New Directions for Diagnosis and Treatment. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2020, 22, 28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heidecker, B.; Ruedi, G.; Baltensperger, N.; Gresser, E.; Kottwitz, J.; Berg, J.; Manka, R.; Landmesser, U.; Lüscher, T.F.; Patriki, D. Systematic use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in MINOCA led to a five-fold increase in the detection rate of myocarditis: A retrospective study. Swiss Med. Wkly. 2019, 149, w20098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berg, J.; Lovrinovic, M.; Baltensperger, N.; Kissel, C.K.; Kottwitz, J.; Manka, R.; Patriki, D.; Scherff, F.; Schmied, C.; Landmesser, U.; et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in acute myopericarditis: 12-month clinical follow-up. Open Heart 2019, 6, e000990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lüscher, T.F. The Spectrum of ACS: Towards a More Personalized Approach. Life 2021, 11, 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11040322
Lüscher TF. The Spectrum of ACS: Towards a More Personalized Approach. Life. 2021; 11(4):322. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11040322
Chicago/Turabian StyleLüscher, Thomas F. 2021. "The Spectrum of ACS: Towards a More Personalized Approach" Life 11, no. 4: 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11040322
APA StyleLüscher, T. F. (2021). The Spectrum of ACS: Towards a More Personalized Approach. Life, 11(4), 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11040322