A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews on the Epidemiology, Evaluation, and Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Systematic Review Regisrtation
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Inclusion Criteria
2.4. Exclusion Criteria
2.5. Data Extraction
2.6. Methodological Quality Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Eligible Studies
3.2. Methodological Quality Evaluation
3.3. Epidemiology
3.3.1. Prevalence/Incidence
3.3.2. Risk Factors
- Body mass index (BMI): The association between BMI and plantar fasciitis has been examined in multiple reviews. Butterworth et al. examined the association between body mass index (BMI) and musculoskeletal foot disorders and included 12 studies (nine matched case-control and three cross-sectional) on plantar fasciitis [20]. The authors found that while BMI was not associated with plantar fasciitis in the athletic population, there was evidence to support such an association in the non-athletic population [20]. Likewise, Franceschi et al. reported a strong association between increased body weight and plantar fasciitis based on four observational studies [21]. These results have been supported by other reviews that specifically investigated risk factors of plantar fasciitis, especially in non-athletic population [22,23,24].
- Weightbearing activities: Waclawski et al. specifically focused on adult workers and explored the association between weight-bearing activities (such as walking or standing) and plantar fasciitis [25]. The authors identified four studies and found that there was low-quality evidence to support an association between weight-bearing tasks and plantar fasciitis.
- Muscle function and size: Osborne et al. investigated muscle function and muscle size differences between those with and without plantar fasciitis [26]. Seven studies were included in this review, and the strength of muscle groups including hallux plantar flexion, lesser toe plantar flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, ankle inversion, and ankle eversion were lower in patients with plantar fasciitis. Foot muscle volume was also smaller in people with plantar fasciitis. However, there was no significant difference in calf muscle endurance between people with and without plantar fasciitis. The authors cautioned that these results are from studies with GRADE ratings suggesting strength of evidence rated as very low, and they concluded the role of muscle strength warrants further investigation.
- Kinematics: Mousavi et al. focused on distance runners with aims to identify kinematic risk factors for lower limb tendinopathy [27]. The authors included two studies that compared kinematic data of runners suffering from plantar fasciitis with healthy runners and found no significant difference between the two groups. However, another review concluded that decreased ankle dorsiflexion and decreased first metatarsophalangeal joint extension were weakly associated with plantar fasciitis [22]. The most recent review by Hamstra-Wright et al. investigated 16 studies focusing on physically active individuals and identified that increased plantarflexion range of motion was a risk factor [24]. Other biomechanical aspects such as ground reaction forces did not have sufficient studies to draw conclusions.
- Others: A review published in 2006 included 16 articles and found that the presence of a calcaneal spur were consistently associated with plantar fasciitis, and weaker associations for increased age, and prolonged standing [22]. These findings were echoed by van Leeuwen et al. who identified 51 articles, evaluated a total of 104 variables, and conducted a meta-analysis for 12 variables [23]. These authors found that patients with plantar fasciitis were more likely to have increased plantar fascia thickness, hypoechogenicity, and subcalcaneal spurs primarily identified on ultrasound and X-ray.
3.4. Diagnosis
3.5. Treatments
3.5.1. Corticosteroid
3.5.2. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)
3.5.3. PRP vs. Corticosteroid
3.5.4. Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT)
3.5.5. Mechanical Treatments
- Insoles: Six reviews investigated the effects of insoles in the treatment of plantar fasciitis with mixed findings. Lee et al. performed a meta-analysis of 6 RCTs and cohort studies evaluating the effect of insole interventions in patients with a clinical diagnosis of plantar fasciitis. The authors found significant improvements in both pain and function in patients using insole orthotic devices in short (less than 6 weeks), medium (6–12 weeks), and long terms (more than 12 weeks) [72]. Two systematic analyses similarly reported favorable findings for insole use [73,74]. In contrast, four studies reported limited or no benefits from insoles compared to other interventions [75,76,77,78]. Hawke et al. conducted a meta-analysis of 5 RCTs and found significant improvements in function, but not pain, for custom versus sham orthotics after 12 weeks. They also concluded that custom orthotics were less effective in improving pain and function than treatments consisting of manipulation, mobilizations, and stretching at 2 weeks but there were no differences after 2 weeks between the groups [75]. Whittaker et al. conducted a similar systematic review with meta-analyses of 19 RCTs and found significant differences in pain relief when comparing sham versus true orthotics; conversely, potential benefits were observed in sham condition in the medium term (6–12 weeks), with differences not meeting minimally clinically significant values when back-transformed to the pain subscale of the Foot Health Status Questionnaire [76]. Rasenburg et al. reported similar findings and concluded that insoles were not superior for improving pain, function, or self-reported recovery compared to other conservative interventions across 20 RCTs [77]. Healy et al. also suggested that the lack of high-quality studies precluded any conclusions about orthotic interventions’ effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in treating plantar fasciitis [78].
- Four studies specifically investigated the effects of custom versus prefabricated insole orthotics [73,75,76,77]. Three of four found minor or no improvements in pain and function for prefabricated versus custom orthoses, custom versus sham orthoses, and prefabricated versus sham orthoses. Three studies also examined the effects of orthotics versus night splints [75,76,77]. All three reported no differences in pain reduction, although Hawke et al. found a significant improvement with combined use versus individual use of either device.
- Taping: Two systematic reviews explored the use of taping as an intervention for patients with plantar fasciitis [79,80]. Podolsky et al. reported Low Dye taping was the most commonly used technique across eight different studies followed by calcaneal taping. While taping may be a beneficial technique in improving pain in the short term (less than 1 week), authors could not draw conclusions for longer term outcomes as the longest follow-up was only one week among the included studies [79]. Van de Water et al. reported similar findings, with limited evidence favoring Low Dye and calcaneal taping versus sham interventions for improving pain, but not function, after 1 week [80]. The authors also noted that a combined intervention of taping and stretching may be superior to stretching alone. Both studies could not perform quantitative synthesis due to the heterogeneity of methods in their included studies.
- Mixed treatment: Schuitema et al. conducted a systematic review of 43 studies to investigate the effects of various commonly used mechanical interventions in the treatment of plantar fasciitis, including foot orthotics, taping, ankle foot orthoses, night splints, and specialized shoes [74]. The authors suggested that mechanical treatments overall may be beneficial in symptom reduction. However, the authors added that methodological limitations of included studies prevented them from making any comparisons between them regarding relative effectiveness and frequent use of non-mechanical co-interventions also confounds interpretation of role of each intervention.
3.5.6. Needling Therapies
- Acupuncture: Two systematic reviews investigated the use of acupuncture in the treatment of plantar fasciitis [81,82]. Both concluded that acupuncture therapies were associated with symptom reduction over outcome measures obtained 1–6 months although each cited significant heterogeneity of methods amongst their included studies as a major limitation.
- Dry needling: Two studies investigated the use of dry needling in the treatment of plantar fasciitis [83,84]. Cotchett et al. conducted a systematic review of three quasi-experimental studies and found limited evidence favoring the use of dry needling and poor quality of included studies [83]. He et al. conducted a meta-analysis of 7 RCTs published seven years after Cotchett et al., and compared trigger point dry needling or acupuncture to other interventions [84]. The authors concluded that myofascial trigger point needling was associated with significantly greater reductions in pain in at 1, 6, and 12 months. However, they reported substantial heterogeneity of methods, poor quality, and small sample sizes inherent in their included studies.
3.5.7. Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)
3.5.8. Exercise Therapy
- Strengthening exercise: Only one study examined the effects of strengthening interventions on plantar fasciitis [87]. Huffer et al., who conducted a systematic review of seven studies, classified strengthening interventions into three distinct categories—minimalist running shoe intrinsic foot muscle (IFM) strengthening, IFM foot exercises, and plantar aponeurosis loading. While the authors found that these minimalist running shoes and toe flexion against resistance may improve intrinsic foot musculature in asymptomatic populations, high-load plantar fascia resistance training has not been shown to change plantar fascia thickness. Therefore, reviews determined no definitive conclusions regarding the benefits of strengthening interventions in patients with plantar fasciitis could be made.
- Stretching: Three studies investigated the effects of stretching in the treatment of plantar fasciitis [88,89,90]. Sweeting et al. conducted a systematic review of six studies comparing stretching with other conservative treatments or without intervention/natural history [88]. Patients who received stretching interventions seemed to improve over time in both pain and function, especially in the first two weeks to four months. However, the reviewers concluded that there were no significant differences between stretching and other interventions. They also noted that their study was limited by the large degree of heterogeneity in techniques, dosages, and comparison groups between individual studies, which made it difficult to comment on the relative effectiveness of different stretching regimens. Woitzik et al. conducted a systematic review of six RCTs investigating the effects of exercise on clinical outcomes in various soft tissue injuries of the lower extremities [90]. Of these, two studies that focused on plantar heel pain provided preliminary evidence supporting the use of static plantar fascia stretching in improving pain and function, but no support for static calf stretching. These findings were largely consistent with report by Siriphorn et al. who conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of eight RCTs and found that there was moderate quality evidence in favor of plantar fascia-specific stretching (PFSS) over the Achilles tendon or calf stretching (CS) reducing pain in the short term (less than 3 months [89].
3.5.9. Manual Therapy
3.5.10. Prolotherapy
3.5.11. Iontophoresis
3.5.12. Endoscopic Plantar Fasciotomy
3.6. Comparative Evaluation of Multiple Treatments
3.7. Psychosocial Variables
4. Discussion
Future Research Direction
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Author/Year | Item 1 | Item 2 | Item 3 | Item 4 | Item 5 | Item 6 | Item 7 | Item 8 | Item 9 | Item 10 | Item 11 | Item 12 | Item 13 | Item 14 | Item 15 | Item 16 | Overall Assessment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agyekum 2015 | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | No | N/A | No | Critically low |
Al-Abbad 2020 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
Al-Boloushi 2019 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Alkhatib 2020 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
Andia 2015 | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Aqil 2013 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Assad 2016 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | No | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Atkins 1999 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Babatunde 2019 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
Brantingham 2012 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | No | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Butterworth 2012 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial yes | Partial Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
Chang 2012 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Parial Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Chen 2018 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Critically low |
Chen 2019 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
Chiew 2016 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Clar 2014 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Clark 2012 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
Clijsen 2012 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Cotchett 2010 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
David 2017 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
Dizon 2013 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Critically low |
Dos Santos 2019 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Drake 2018 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
Franceschi 2014 (PRP) | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Franceschi 2015 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Franchini 2018 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Fraser 2018 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Fusini 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | No | N/A | No | Critically low |
Hamstra-Wright 2021 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Hawke 2008 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
He 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
Healy 2018 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | High |
Hohmann 2020 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
Hsiao 2015 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
Huang 2020 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Huffer 2017 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Hurley 2020 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Patial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Irving 2006 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | No | Critically low |
Lee 2009 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Li 2013 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Li 2014 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
Li 2015 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Critically low |
S Li 2018 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
X Li 2018 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
H Li 2018 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
Li 2019 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Ling 2018 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
Lou 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Malahias 2020 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Mao 2019 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
McMillan 2009 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
Mendes 2020 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | No | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Mischke 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Mohammed 2020 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
Mohseni-Bandpei 2014 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | No | N/A | No | Critically low |
Mousavi 2019 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Critically low |
Ogden 2002 | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Critically low |
Osborne 2019 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Petragila 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | No | N/A | No | Critically low |
Philips 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Piper 2016 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | No | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Podolsky 2015 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Radwan 2016 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | No | Critically low |
Rasenberg 2018 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Roerdink 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Salvioli 2017 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Sanderson 2015 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
Schuitema 2020 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Sheth 2012 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
Singh 2017 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Siriphorn 2020 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
Speed 2013 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Sun 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Sun 2020 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Critically low |
Sutton 2016 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
Sweeting 2011 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Thiagarajah 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | No | Critically low |
Thomson 2005 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
Tseng 2020 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Tsikopoulos 2016 (AWB) | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Low |
Tsikopoulos 2016 (NMA)) | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
Uden 2011 | Yes | No | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | No | N/A | Yes | Low |
Van de Water 2010 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
Van Leeuwen 2016 | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
Vannini 2014 | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | N/A | N/A | No | Yes | N/A | Yes | Critically low |
Waclawski 2015 | Yes | Partial Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Moderate |
Wang 2019 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Wang 2019 (Laser) | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
Whittaker 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
Whittaker 2019 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
Woitzik 2015 | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Low |
Xiong 2019 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Yang 2017 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
Yin 2014 | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | Yes | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Critically low |
Yu 2016 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | N/A | N/A | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | High |
Yu 2020 (PRP) | Yes | No | No | Partial Yes | No | No | No | Partial Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Critically low |
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Rhim, H.C.; Kwon, J.; Park, J.; Borg-Stein, J.; Tenforde, A.S. A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews on the Epidemiology, Evaluation, and Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis. Life 2021, 11, 1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11121287
Rhim HC, Kwon J, Park J, Borg-Stein J, Tenforde AS. A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews on the Epidemiology, Evaluation, and Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis. Life. 2021; 11(12):1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11121287
Chicago/Turabian StyleRhim, Hye Chang, Jangwon Kwon, Jewel Park, Joanne Borg-Stein, and Adam S. Tenforde. 2021. "A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews on the Epidemiology, Evaluation, and Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis" Life 11, no. 12: 1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11121287