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Article

Cost-Effective Seismic Exploration: 2D Reflection Imaging at the Kylylahti Massive Sulfide Deposit, Finland

by
Suvi Heinonen
1,*,
Michal Malinowski
2,
Felix Hloušek
3,
Gardar Gislason
1,
Stefan Buske
3,
Emilia Koivisto
4 and
Marek Wojdyla
5
1
Geological Survey of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 5, 02151 Espoo, Finland
2
Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ks. Janusza 64, 01-452 Warsaw, Poland
3
Institute of Geophysics and Geoinformatics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 12, D-09599 Freiberg, Germany
4
Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, PL 68, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
5
Geopartner Ltd., ul. Skośna 39B, 30-383 Kraków, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Minerals 2019, 9(5), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9050263
Submission received: 5 April 2019 / Revised: 25 April 2019 / Accepted: 27 April 2019 / Published: 30 April 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Methods in Mineral Exploration)
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Abstract

We show that by using an advanced pre-stack depth imaging algorithm it is possible to retrieve meaningful and robust seismic images with sparse shot points, using only 3–4 source points per kilometer along a seismic profile. Our results encourage the use of 2D seismic reflection profiling as a reconnaissance tool for mineral exploration in areas with limited access for active seismic surveys. We used the seismic data acquired within the COGITO-MIN project comprising two approximately 6 km long seismic reflection profiles at the polymetallic Kylylahti massive sulfide mine site in eastern Finland. The 2D seismic data acquisition utilized both Vibroseis and dynamite sources with 20 m spacing and wireless receivers spaced every 10 m. For both source types, the recorded data show clear first breaks over all offsets and reflectors in the raw shot gathers. The Kylylahti area is characterized by folded and faulted, steeply dipping geological contacts and structures. We discuss post-stack and pre-stack data processing and compare time and depth imaging techniques in this geologically complex Precambrian hardrock area. The seismic reflection profiles show prominent reflectors at 4.5–8 km depth utilizing different migration routines. In the shallow subsurface, steep reflectors are imaged, and within and underneath the known Kylylahti ultramafic body reflectivity is prominent but discontinuous.
Keywords: seismic reflection; massive sulfide; seismic imaging; mineral exploration; cost-effective seismics; pre-stack depth migration; Finland; Outokumpu seismic reflection; massive sulfide; seismic imaging; mineral exploration; cost-effective seismics; pre-stack depth migration; Finland; Outokumpu

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MDPI and ACS Style

Heinonen, S.; Malinowski, M.; Hloušek, F.; Gislason, G.; Buske, S.; Koivisto, E.; Wojdyla, M. Cost-Effective Seismic Exploration: 2D Reflection Imaging at the Kylylahti Massive Sulfide Deposit, Finland. Minerals 2019, 9, 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9050263

AMA Style

Heinonen S, Malinowski M, Hloušek F, Gislason G, Buske S, Koivisto E, Wojdyla M. Cost-Effective Seismic Exploration: 2D Reflection Imaging at the Kylylahti Massive Sulfide Deposit, Finland. Minerals. 2019; 9(5):263. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9050263

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heinonen, Suvi, Michal Malinowski, Felix Hloušek, Gardar Gislason, Stefan Buske, Emilia Koivisto, and Marek Wojdyla. 2019. "Cost-Effective Seismic Exploration: 2D Reflection Imaging at the Kylylahti Massive Sulfide Deposit, Finland" Minerals 9, no. 5: 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9050263

APA Style

Heinonen, S., Malinowski, M., Hloušek, F., Gislason, G., Buske, S., Koivisto, E., & Wojdyla, M. (2019). Cost-Effective Seismic Exploration: 2D Reflection Imaging at the Kylylahti Massive Sulfide Deposit, Finland. Minerals, 9(5), 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9050263

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