Sedimentary Environment, Tectonic Setting, and Paleogeographic Reconstruction of the Late Jurassic Weimei Formation in Dingri, Southern Tibet
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Geological Background
3. Analytical Methods
4. Results
4.1. Zircon U–Pb Geochronology
4.2. Geochemistry
4.3. Lithofacies and Sedimentary Facies
4.3.1. Lithofacies Characteristics
4.3.2. Sedimentary Facies Analysis
5. Discussion
5.1. Provenance Analysis
5.2. Source Composition and Tectonic Setting
5.3. Lithofacies Paleogeography
5.4. Tectonic Evolution
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The sedimentary system of the Weimei Formation is dominated by shoreface–delta–shelf facies, characterized by rhythmic interbedding of sandstone, shale, and carbonate rocks. Locally developed deeply incised valleys, filled with sandy gravel deposits, indicate the coexistence of multiple depositional facies.
- (2)
- The detrital zircon U–Pb age spectrum exhibits major peaks at ~468 Ma and ~964 Ma, with an absence of the ~1170 Ma peak, suggesting provenance derived from the northern margin of the Indian craton rather, than the Lhasa terrane.
- (3)
- Geochemical characteristics of the Weimei Formation sandstones are marked by high SiO2 contents and K2O/Na2O ratios, low Na2O–CaO–TiO2 contents, right-leaning REE patterns with significant negative Eu anomalies, reflecting derivation from felsic upper crustal and recycled sediment sources within a passive continental margin.
- (4)
- Integrated analyses indicate that during the Late Jurassic, the Tethyan Himalaya formed part of the passive continental margin along the northern Indian continent. The sedimentary system exhibits an “uplift–depression” paleogeographic framework, with its evolutionary process closely associated with the northward drift of the Indian continent and the evolution of the Neo-Tethys Ocean.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Points | Pb | Th | U | Th/U | Isotope Ratio | Isotopic Age (Ma) | Concordance | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(ppm) | 207Pb/206Pb | 2σ | 207Pb/235U | 2σ | 206Pb/238U | 2σ | 207Pb/206Pb | 2σ | 207Pb/235U | 2σ | 206Pb/238U | 2σ | |||||
−1 | 18 | 33 | 82 | 0.40 | 0.0690 | 0.0022 | 1.7138 | 0.0609 | 0.1801 | 0.0035 | 898 | 66 | 1014 | 23 | 967 | 19 | 94% |
−2 | 14 | 155 | 113 | 1.37 | 0.0562 | 0.0030 | 0.6304 | 0.0342 | 0.0812 | 0.0012 | 461 | 119 | 496 | 21 | 503 | 7 | 98% |
−3 | 164 | 265 | 262 | 1.01 | 0.1600 | 0.0025 | 9.3672 | 0.1522 | 0.4241 | 0.0044 | 2457 | 26 | 2375 | 15 | 2279 | 20 | 95% |
−4 | 4 | 76 | 32 | 2.41 | 0.0643 | 0.0037 | 0.6483 | 0.0349 | 0.0740 | 0.0016 | 754 | 121 | 507 | 21 | 460 | 10 | 92% |
−5 | 10 | 24 | 43 | 0.55 | 0.0769 | 0.0026 | 1.8125 | 0.0633 | 0.1710 | 0.0024 | 1117 | 67 | 1050 | 23 | 1018 | 13 | 96% |
−6 | 24 | 292 | 204 | 1.43 | 0.0541 | 0.0016 | 0.5597 | 0.0174 | 0.0750 | 0.0010 | 376 | 67 | 451 | 11 | 466 | 6 | 96% |
−7 | 11 | 146 | 93 | 1.57 | 0.0580 | 0.0023 | 0.5971 | 0.0240 | 0.0749 | 0.0011 | 528 | 87 | 475 | 15 | 466 | 6 | 97% |
−8 | 26 | 79 | 113 | 0.70 | 0.0748 | 0.0021 | 1.8106 | 0.0558 | 0.1752 | 0.0021 | 1065 | 57 | 1049 | 20 | 1041 | 11 | 99% |
−9 | 188 | 334 | 294 | 1.13 | 0.1570 | 0.0025 | 9.1902 | 0.2293 | 0.4238 | 0.0076 | 2424 | 26 | 2357 | 23 | 2278 | 34 | 96% |
−10 | 8 | 112 | 64 | 1.76 | 0.0513 | 0.0033 | 0.5266 | 0.0323 | 0.0753 | 0.0012 | 257 | 148 | 430 | 21 | 468 | 7 | 91% |
−11 | 18 | 247 | 124 | 1.99 | 0.0624 | 0.0022 | 0.7111 | 0.0273 | 0.0826 | 0.0012 | 687 | 78 | 545 | 16 | 511 | 7 | 93% |
−12 | 18 | 34 | 80 | 0.43 | 0.0761 | 0.0026 | 1.8829 | 0.0739 | 0.1795 | 0.0036 | 1098 | 67 | 1075 | 26 | 964 | 20 | 98% |
−13 | 52 | 503 | 342 | 1.47 | 0.0601 | 0.0014 | 0.8093 | 0.0219 | 0.0976 | 0.0013 | 606 | 52 | 602 | 12 | 600 | 8 | 99% |
−14 | 28 | 59 | 154 | 0.38 | 0.0699 | 0.0016 | 1.4153 | 0.0337 | 0.1471 | 0.0017 | 926 | 48 | 895 | 14 | 885 | 10 | 98% |
−15 | 51 | 296 | 218 | 1.36 | 0.0726 | 0.0017 | 1.4947 | 0.0411 | 0.1494 | 0.0026 | 1003 | 47 | 928 | 17 | 898 | 14 | 96% |
−16 | 15 | 143 | 138 | 1.03 | 0.0562 | 0.0027 | 0.5852 | 0.0254 | 0.0760 | 0.0012 | 461 | 106 | 468 | 16 | 472 | 7 | 99% |
−17 | 44 | 237 | 423 | 0.56 | 0.0564 | 0.0014 | 0.6311 | 0.0171 | 0.0813 | 0.0012 | 478 | 56 | 497 | 11 | 504 | 7 | 98% |
−18 | 29 | 80 | 120 | 0.67 | 0.0776 | 0.0018 | 1.9673 | 0.0569 | 0.1837 | 0.0025 | 1144 | 46 | 1104 | 19 | 1087 | 14 | 98% |
−19 | 8 | 52 | 76 | 0.68 | 0.0614 | 0.0027 | 0.6456 | 0.0274 | 0.0768 | 0.0014 | 654 | 94 | 506 | 17 | 477 | 8 | 94% |
−20 | 183 | 30 | 246 | 0.12 | 0.2391 | 0.0033 | 18.6914 | 0.3426 | 0.5679 | 0.0089 | 3115 | 22 | 3026 | 18 | 2899 | 36 | 95% |
−21 | 46 | 74 | 91 | 0.81 | 0.1274 | 0.0026 | 6.4131 | 0.1849 | 0.3648 | 0.0067 | 2063 | 37 | 2034 | 25 | 2005 | 31 | 98% |
−22 | 29 | 191 | 133 | 1.43 | 0.0699 | 0.0024 | 1.3977 | 0.0458 | 0.1457 | 0.0023 | 928 | 70 | 888 | 19 | 877 | 13 | 98% |
−23 | 18 | 35 | 80 | 0.43 | 0.0783 | 0.0025 | 1.9364 | 0.0681 | 0.1795 | 0.0026 | 1155 | 59 | 1094 | 24 | 965 | 14 | 97% |
−24 | 10 | 89 | 82 | 1.09 | 0.0559 | 0.0033 | 0.6456 | 0.0407 | 0.0838 | 0.0018 | 450 | 133 | 506 | 25 | 519 | 11 | 97% |
−25 | 28 | 227 | 218 | 1.04 | 0.0618 | 0.0017 | 0.7906 | 0.0252 | 0.0928 | 0.0016 | 733 | 58 | 592 | 14 | 572 | 9 | 96% |
−26 | 52 | 124 | 231 | 0.54 | 0.0728 | 0.0017 | 1.8001 | 0.0462 | 0.1796 | 0.0024 | 1009 | 46 | 1046 | 17 | 1065 | 13 | 98% |
−27 | 59 | 95 | 169 | 0.56 | 0.1021 | 0.0017 | 3.8243 | 0.0762 | 0.2718 | 0.0031 | 1665 | 31 | 1598 | 16 | 1550 | 16 | 96% |
−28 | 22 | 79 | 182 | 0.44 | 0.0644 | 0.0021 | 0.8794 | 0.0350 | 0.0994 | 0.0029 | 754 | 69 | 641 | 19 | 611 | 17 | 95% |
−29 | 8 | 108 | 67 | 1.60 | 0.0522 | 0.0032 | 0.5557 | 0.0369 | 0.0769 | 0.0015 | 295 | 141 | 449 | 24 | 478 | 9 | 93% |
−30 | 40 | 66 | 197 | 0.34 | 0.0760 | 0.0019 | 1.7255 | 0.0467 | 0.1650 | 0.0022 | 1095 | 44 | 1018 | 17 | 984 | 12 | 96% |
−31 | 50 | 97 | 240 | 0.41 | 0.0743 | 0.0016 | 1.7290 | 0.0529 | 0.1686 | 0.0033 | 1050 | 43 | 1019 | 20 | 1004 | 18 | 98% |
−32 | 30 | 57 | 260 | 0.22 | 0.0660 | 0.0015 | 0.9022 | 0.0253 | 0.0993 | 0.0017 | 806 | 42 | 653 | 13 | 610 | 10 | 93% |
−33 | 135 | 156 | 152 | 1.02 | 0.2367 | 0.0032 | 18.6008 | 0.3802 | 0.5703 | 0.0083 | 3098 | 22 | 3021 | 20 | 2909 | 34 | 96% |
−34 | 19 | 34 | 85 | 0.40 | 0.0782 | 0.0023 | 1.9330 | 0.0754 | 0.1789 | 0.0039 | 1054 | 58 | 1093 | 26 | 961 | 21 | 97% |
−35 | 166 | 135 | 276 | 0.49 | 0.1919 | 0.0029 | 11.4575 | 0.2482 | 0.4334 | 0.0070 | 2758 | 19 | 2561 | 20 | 2321 | 31 | 93% |
−36 | 25 | 248 | 235 | 1.05 | 0.0600 | 0.0016 | 0.6195 | 0.0202 | 0.0748 | 0.0011 | 606 | 57 | 490 | 13 | 465 | 7 | 94% |
−37 | 60 | 74 | 280 | 0.26 | 0.0789 | 0.0017 | 1.9283 | 0.0486 | 0.1775 | 0.0027 | 1172 | 43 | 1091 | 17 | 1053 | 15 | 96% |
−38 | 23 | 179 | 220 | 0.82 | 0.0559 | 0.0019 | 0.5857 | 0.0211 | 0.0761 | 0.0011 | 450 | 76 | 468 | 14 | 473 | 6 | 99% |
−39 | 16 | 218 | 138 | 1.57 | 0.0579 | 0.0024 | 0.5966 | 0.0250 | 0.0749 | 0.0012 | 528 | 89 | 475 | 16 | 466 | 7 | 98% |
−40 | 214 | 336 | 350 | 0.96 | 0.1584 | 0.0021 | 9.1112 | 0.1886 | 0.4175 | 0.0065 | 2439 | 22 | 2349 | 19 | 2249 | 29 | 95% |
−41 | 52 | 176 | 257 | 0.69 | 0.0736 | 0.0018 | 1.5279 | 0.0400 | 0.1509 | 0.0021 | 1031 | 45 | 942 | 16 | 906 | 12 | 96% |
−42 | 11 | 131 | 98 | 1.33 | 0.0555 | 0.0024 | 0.5740 | 0.0258 | 0.0750 | 0.0012 | 435 | 92 | 461 | 17 | 466 | 7 | 98% |
−43 | 240 | 286 | 400 | 0.71 | 0.1615 | 0.0024 | 9.4041 | 0.2000 | 0.4225 | 0.0055 | 2472 | 25 | 2378 | 20 | 2272 | 25 | 95% |
−44 | 140 | 85 | 169 | 0.50 | 0.2372 | 0.0037 | 18.8174 | 0.3977 | 0.5756 | 0.0074 | 3102 | 26 | 3033 | 20 | 2931 | 30 | 96% |
−45 | 18 | 35 | 82 | 0.43 | 0.0706 | 0.0023 | 1.7427 | 0.0624 | 0.1797 | 0.0030 | 1046 | 67 | 1024 | 23 | 965 | 17 | 96% |
−46 | 6 | 119 | 46 | 2.60 | 0.0616 | 0.0044 | 0.6280 | 0.0432 | 0.0748 | 0.0020 | 661 | 156 | 495 | 27 | 465 | 12 | 93% |
−47 | 217 | 223 | 377 | 0.59 | 0.1613 | 0.0022 | 9.0862 | 0.1510 | 0.4087 | 0.0041 | 2469 | 23 | 2347 | 15 | 2209 | 19 | 93% |
−48 | 9 | 75 | 89 | 0.85 | 0.0608 | 0.0026 | 0.6212 | 0.0246 | 0.0749 | 0.0014 | 632 | 91 | 491 | 15 | 466 | 9 | 94% |
−49 | 14 | 44 | 74 | 0.59 | 0.0720 | 0.0031 | 1.4533 | 0.0694 | 0.1458 | 0.0018 | 987 | 87 | 911 | 29 | 877 | 10 | 96% |
−50 | 36 | 287 | 223 | 1.28 | 0.0608 | 0.0021 | 0.8979 | 0.0296 | 0.1075 | 0.0017 | 632 | 69 | 651 | 16 | 658 | 10 | 98% |
−51 | 18 | 235 | 130 | 1.81 | 0.0575 | 0.0031 | 0.6539 | 0.0334 | 0.0828 | 0.0011 | 509 | 123 | 511 | 21 | 513 | 7 | 99% |
−52 | 19 | 140 | 188 | 0.75 | 0.0559 | 0.0019 | 0.5791 | 0.0235 | 0.0748 | 0.0009 | 450 | 76 | 464 | 15 | 465 | 6 | 99% |
−53 | 35 | 69 | 200 | 0.35 | 0.0749 | 0.0023 | 1.4586 | 0.0479 | 0.1412 | 0.0021 | 1065 | 57 | 913 | 20 | 851 | 12 | 92% |
−54 | 15 | 177 | 124 | 1.43 | 0.0638 | 0.0032 | 0.6926 | 0.0359 | 0.0790 | 0.0013 | 744 | 101 | 534 | 22 | 490 | 8 | 91% |
−55 | 22 | 135 | 215 | 0.63 | 0.0588 | 0.0026 | 0.6095 | 0.0264 | 0.0754 | 0.0013 | 561 | 96 | 483 | 17 | 469 | 8 | 96% |
−56 | 18 | 35 | 79 | 0.44 | 0.0779 | 0.0030 | 1.9202 | 0.0713 | 0.1798 | 0.0036 | 1043 | 75 | 1088 | 25 | 966 | 20 | 97% |
−57 | 31 | 286 | 267 | 1.07 | 0.0601 | 0.0020 | 0.6809 | 0.0253 | 0.0820 | 0.0012 | 609 | 38 | 527 | 15 | 508 | 7 | 96% |
−58 | 44 | 56 | 96 | 0.58 | 0.1262 | 0.0028 | 5.8142 | 0.1365 | 0.3343 | 0.0043 | 2046 | 40 | 1949 | 20 | 1859 | 21 | 95% |
−59 | 69 | 186 | 339 | 0.55 | 0.0748 | 0.0015 | 1.6134 | 0.0364 | 0.1563 | 0.0018 | 1065 | 42 | 975 | 14 | 936 | 10 | 95% |
−60 | 30 | 88 | 165 | 0.53 | 0.0694 | 0.0019 | 1.3661 | 0.0398 | 0.1428 | 0.0021 | 922 | 57 | 874 | 17 | 861 | 12 | 98% |
−61 | 36 | 76 | 138 | 0.55 | 0.0834 | 0.0021 | 2.3110 | 0.0657 | 0.2009 | 0.0026 | 1280 | 50 | 1216 | 20 | 1180 | 14 | 97% |
−62 | 17 | 103 | 56 | 1.84 | 0.0776 | 0.0037 | 1.8642 | 0.0820 | 0.1753 | 0.0032 | 1137 | 94 | 1068 | 29 | 1041 | 18 | 97% |
−63 | 23 | 74 | 125 | 0.59 | 0.0705 | 0.0030 | 1.3774 | 0.0625 | 0.1420 | 0.0026 | 943 | 88 | 879 | 27 | 856 | 14 | 97% |
−64 | 11 | 72 | 45 | 1.58 | 0.0673 | 0.0031 | 1.4361 | 0.0644 | 0.1560 | 0.0030 | 856 | 96 | 904 | 27 | 934 | 17 | 96% |
−65 | 54 | 65 | 90 | 0.73 | 0.1697 | 0.0033 | 9.6964 | 0.2415 | 0.4148 | 0.0071 | 2555 | 32 | 2406 | 23 | 2237 | 32 | 92% |
−66 | 16 | 79 | 53 | 1.49 | 0.0773 | 0.0033 | 1.9040 | 0.0735 | 0.1809 | 0.0036 | 1131 | 85 | 1082 | 26 | 1072 | 20 | 98% |
−67 | 19 | 35 | 85 | 0.41 | 0.0713 | 0.0022 | 1.7452 | 0.0599 | 0.1789 | 0.0042 | 1066 | 65 | 1025 | 22 | 961 | 23 | 96% |
−68 | 40 | 63 | 154 | 0.41 | 0.0840 | 0.0024 | 2.3061 | 0.0689 | 0.1995 | 0.0032 | 1292 | 56 | 1214 | 21 | 1172 | 17 | 96% |
−69 | 16 | 72 | 59 | 1.21 | 0.0767 | 0.0033 | 1.8626 | 0.0752 | 0.1770 | 0.0029 | 1115 | 85 | 1068 | 27 | 1050 | 16 | 98% |
−70 | 29 | 107 | 120 | 0.89 | 0.0718 | 0.0026 | 1.6852 | 0.0652 | 0.1708 | 0.0032 | 989 | 72 | 1003 | 25 | 1016 | 17 | 98% |
−71 | 39 | 357 | 343 | 1.04 | 0.0602 | 0.0024 | 0.6642 | 0.0268 | 0.0801 | 0.0010 | 613 | 85 | 517 | 16 | 497 | 6 | 95% |
−72 | 27 | 89 | 136 | 0.65 | 0.0743 | 0.0022 | 1.5388 | 0.0492 | 0.1506 | 0.0026 | 1050 | 58 | 946 | 20 | 904 | 15 | 95% |
−73 | 7 | 64 | 120 | 0.53 | 0.0593 | 0.0037 | 0.3901 | 0.0221 | 0.0486 | 0.0009 | 589 | 137 | 334 | 16 | 306 | 6 | 91% |
−74 | 21 | 97 | 140 | 0.70 | 0.0691 | 0.0029 | 1.0713 | 0.0431 | 0.1131 | 0.0020 | 902 | 86 | 739 | 21 | 690 | 11 | 93% |
−75 | 15 | 40 | 88 | 0.45 | 0.0724 | 0.0027 | 1.3746 | 0.0538 | 0.1380 | 0.0020 | 998 | 78 | 878 | 23 | 833 | 11 | 94% |
−76 | 41 | 302 | 406 | 0.74 | 0.0569 | 0.0017 | 0.5946 | 0.0188 | 0.0760 | 0.0012 | 487 | 67 | 474 | 12 | 472 | 7 | 99% |
−77 | 31 | 105 | 166 | 0.63 | 0.0691 | 0.0025 | 1.3469 | 0.0517 | 0.1416 | 0.0024 | 902 | 71 | 866 | 22 | 854 | 13 | 98% |
−78 | 18 | 34 | 82 | 0.42 | 0.0781 | 0.0031 | 1.9222 | 0.0813 | 0.1797 | 0.0042 | 1050 | 50 | 1089 | 28 | 965 | 23 | 97% |
−79 | 72 | 217 | 394 | 0.55 | 0.0700 | 0.0014 | 1.3653 | 0.0336 | 0.1415 | 0.0020 | 928 | 43 | 874 | 14 | 853 | 11 | 97% |
−80 | 17 | 249 | 132 | 1.89 | 0.0615 | 0.0041 | 0.6765 | 0.0379 | 0.0806 | 0.0019 | 657 | 143 | 525 | 23 | 500 | 11 | 95% |
−81 | 109 | 281 | 148 | 1.90 | 0.1680 | 0.0029 | 9.6737 | 0.1944 | 0.4177 | 0.0050 | 2539 | 28 | 2404 | 18 | 2250 | 23 | 93% |
−82 | 42 | 111 | 171 | 0.65 | 0.0811 | 0.0030 | 2.0239 | 0.0732 | 0.1813 | 0.0030 | 1233 | 73 | 1124 | 25 | 1074 | 17 | 95% |
−83 | 20 | 121 | 91 | 1.34 | 0.0751 | 0.0050 | 1.4559 | 0.0992 | 0.1408 | 0.0028 | 1070 | 135 | 912 | 41 | 849 | 16 | 92% |
−84 | 57 | 146 | 242 | 0.60 | 0.0798 | 0.0019 | 1.9509 | 0.0473 | 0.1775 | 0.0020 | 1192 | 48 | 1099 | 16 | 1053 | 11 | 95% |
−85 | 28 | 72 | 123 | 0.58 | 0.0791 | 0.0024 | 1.9137 | 0.0639 | 0.1755 | 0.0026 | 1174 | 56 | 1086 | 22 | 1042 | 14 | 95% |
−86 | 17 | 185 | 149 | 1.24 | 0.0618 | 0.0038 | 0.6512 | 0.0373 | 0.0769 | 0.0015 | 733 | 133 | 509 | 23 | 478 | 9 | 93% |
−87 | 23 | 68 | 97 | 0.71 | 0.0745 | 0.0025 | 1.7987 | 0.0625 | 0.1753 | 0.0026 | 1057 | 69 | 1045 | 23 | 1041 | 14 | 99% |
−88 | 31 | 64 | 133 | 0.48 | 0.0799 | 0.0025 | 2.0048 | 0.0643 | 0.1820 | 0.0028 | 1194 | 61 | 1117 | 22 | 1078 | 16 | 96% |
−89 | 18 | 34 | 80 | 0.42 | 0.0746 | 0.0024 | 1.8303 | 0.0614 | 0.1789 | 0.0040 | 1059 | 66 | 1056 | 22 | 961 | 22 | 99% |
−90 | 22 | 76 | 80 | 0.96 | 0.0837 | 0.0031 | 2.2116 | 0.0764 | 0.1925 | 0.0031 | 1285 | 71 | 1185 | 24 | 1135 | 17 | 95% |
−91 | 24 | 319 | 173 | 1.84 | 0.0588 | 0.0024 | 0.6638 | 0.0276 | 0.0820 | 0.0019 | 561 | 89 | 517 | 17 | 508 | 12 | 98% |
−92 | 15 | 14 | 65 | 0.21 | 0.0604 | 0.0028 | 0.6699 | 0.0312 | 0.0808 | 0.0017 | 617 | 96 | 521 | 19 | 501 | 10 | 96% |
−93 | 108 | 76 | 185 | 0.41 | 0.1721 | 0.0043 | 10.0991 | 0.2730 | 0.4260 | 0.0096 | 2589 | 42 | 2444 | 25 | 2288 | 43 | 93% |
−94 | 91 | 458 | 435 | 1.05 | 0.0697 | 0.0015 | 1.3950 | 0.0325 | 0.1452 | 0.0020 | 920 | 44 | 887 | 14 | 874 | 11 | 98% |
−95 | 59 | 47 | 63 | 0.75 | 0.2932 | 0.0050 | 24.3918 | 0.4823 | 0.6036 | 0.0084 | 3435 | 26 | 3284 | 19 | 3044 | 34 | 92% |
−96 | 8 | 85 | 66 | 1.28 | 0.0618 | 0.0062 | 0.6794 | 0.0634 | 0.0813 | 0.0021 | 733 | 219 | 526 | 38 | 504 | 13 | 95% |
−97 | 192 | 217 | 320 | 0.68 | 0.1756 | 0.0029 | 10.1141 | 0.1988 | 0.4177 | 0.0056 | 2613 | 27 | 2445 | 18 | 2250 | 26 | 91% |
−98 | 112 | 650 | 373 | 1.74 | 0.0768 | 0.0015 | 1.9329 | 0.0487 | 0.1822 | 0.0027 | 1117 | 39 | 1093 | 17 | 1079 | 15 | 98% |
−99 | 214 | 216 | 447 | 0.48 | 0.1601 | 0.0027 | 7.8376 | 0.1982 | 0.3553 | 0.0078 | 2457 | 28 | 2213 | 23 | 1960 | 37 | 91% |
−100 | 18 | 33 | 82 | 0.41 | 0.0756 | 0.0032 | 1.8505 | 0.0814 | 0.1784 | 0.0037 | 1085 | 84 | 1064 | 29 | 958 | 20 | 99% |
−101 | 60 | 186 | 307 | 0.61 | 0.0729 | 0.0018 | 1.4927 | 0.0413 | 0.1487 | 0.0026 | 1013 | 50 | 927 | 17 | 894 | 15 | 96% |
−102 | 18 | 58 | 91 | 0.64 | 0.0663 | 0.0041 | 1.3824 | 0.0857 | 0.1517 | 0.0029 | 817 | 130 | 881 | 37 | 910 | 16 | 96% |
−103 | 8 | 97 | 63 | 1.53 | 0.0608 | 0.0036 | 0.6345 | 0.0401 | 0.0759 | 0.0017 | 632 | 129 | 499 | 25 | 471 | 10 | 94% |
−104 | 2 | 4 | 20 | 0.20 | 0.0590 | 0.0103 | 0.6516 | 0.1256 | 0.0820 | 0.0036 | 569 | 389 | 509 | 77 | 508 | 21 | 99% |
−105 | 31 | 112 | 161 | 0.69 | 0.0713 | 0.0032 | 1.4060 | 0.0692 | 0.1430 | 0.0024 | 965 | 91 | 891 | 29 | 862 | 14 | 96% |
−106 | 17 | 32 | 78 | 0.40 | 0.0778 | 0.0046 | 1.9078 | 0.1251 | 0.1797 | 0.0061 | 1143 | 117 | 1084 | 44 | 965 | 34 | 98% |
References
- Garzanti, E. Stratigraphy and sedimentary history of the Nepal Tethys Himalaya passive margin. J. Asian Earth Sci. 1999, 17, 805–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garzanti, E.; Hu, X. Latest Cretaceous Himalayan tectonics: Obduction, collision, or Deccan-related uplift? Gondwana Res. 2015, 28, 165–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, T.; Liu, C.Z.; Wu, F.Y.; Ji, W.B.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, W.Q.; Zhang, Z.Y. Timing and mechanism of opening the Neo-Tethys Ocean: Constraints from mélanges in the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. Sci. China Earth Sci. 2023, 66, 2807–2826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.J.; Xie, C.M.; Duan, M.L.; Chen, H.C.; Bai, X.T.; Xu, M.W.; Shi, Z. Continental crustal growth and thickness changes caused by the Paleo- to Neo-Tethys Ocean transition: Evidence from the Early Jurassic magmatism in the Lhasa terrane. Lithos 2025, 500, 107994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, X.M.; Wang, M.; Yu, Y.P.; Li, H.; Zeng, X.J.; Shen, D. Tectonic evolution of the Meso-Tethys Ocean: Insights from geochemistry and geochronology of the Jurassic ophiolitic complex in the Asa area, central Tibet. Int. Geol. Rev. 2022, 64, 351–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, J.C.; Bian, W.W.; Jiao, X.W.; Peng, W.X.; Ma, J.H.; Wang, S.; Ma, Y.M.; Zhang, S.H.; Wu, H.C.; Li, H.Y.; et al. Geochronological results from the Zhela Formation volcanics of the Tethyan Himalaya and their implications for the breakup of eastern Gondwana. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 20035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Li, X.; White, L.T.; Li, Y.; Zhou, J.; Wei, S.; Wei, Z.; Zhou, M.; Fan, X. Early dextral shear motion during the breakup of East Gondwana documented in clastic dykes in the Tethys Himalaya. Tectonophysics 2024, 872, 230132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.E.; Xiao, W.J.; Wakabayashi, J.; Windley, B.F.; Han, C.M. A fragment of Argoland from East Gondwana in the NE Himalaya. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2022, 127, e2021JB022631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roche, V.; Leroy, S.; Revillon, S.; Guillocheau, F.; Ruffet, G.; Vétel, W. Gondwana break-up controlled by tectonic inheritance and mantle plume activity: Insights from Natal rift development (South Mozambique, Africa). Tectonics 2022, 34, 290–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, Y.R.; Hou, C.Y.; Anderson, J.L.; Yang, T.S.; Ma, Y.M.; Bian, W.W.; Jin, J.J. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age of Late Jurassic OIB-type volcanic rocks from the Tethyan Himalaya: Constraints on the initial activity time of the Kerguelen mantle plume. Acta Geochim. 2018, 37, 441–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harry, D.L.; Tejada, M.L.G.; Lee, E.Y.; Wolfgring, E.; Wainman, C.C.; Brumsack, H.J.; Schnetger, B.; Kimura, J.I.; Riquier, L.; Borissova, I.; et al. Evolution of the Southwest Australian Rifted Continental Margin During Breakup of East Gondwana: Results From International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 369. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2020, 21, e2020GC009144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Shi, Y.R.; Yang, T.S.; Anderson, J.L.; Zhao, J.X.; Peng, W.X.; Hou, C.Y.; Sun, H.Y.; Bian, W.W.; Ma, Y.M. Early activity of the Kerguelen Mantle plume: Geochronology, geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes of mafic dykes and sills from the Tethyan Himalaya. Int. Geol. Rev. 2023, 65, 512–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sushchevskaya, N.M.; Migdisova, N.A.; Antonov, A.V.; Krymsky, R.S.; Belyatsky, B.V.; Kuzmin, D.V.; Bychkova, Y.V. Geochemical features of the Quaternary lamproitic lavas of Gaussberg Volcano, East Antarctica: Result of the impact of the Kerguelen plume. Geochem. Int. 2014, 52, 1030–1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.G.; Peng, J.G.; Batten, D.J. Palynostratigraphy of a Jurassic–Cretaceous transitional succession in the Himalayan Tethys, southern Xizang (Tibet), China. Cretac. Res. 2013, 46, 123–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krishna, J.; Pathak, D.B. Stratigraphic, biogeographic and environmental signatures in the ammonoid bearing Jurassic–Cretaceous of Himalaya on the south margin of the Tethys. Himal. Geol. 1994, 4, 151–167. [Google Scholar]
- Colpaert, C.P.A.M.; Li, G. Uppermost Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous benthic foraminiferal faunas of the Weimei and the Bandingsi localities of northern and southern parts of South Tibet-A preliminary analysis. Cretac. Res. 2021, 124, 104785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xia, J.; Zhong, H.M.; Tong, J. Stratigraphic framework of Jurassic period and Early Cretaceous in Luozha, South Tibet, including the function of essential sequence law of the regional geological survey. Acta Sedimentol. Sin. 2007, 25, 10–20, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Hu, X.M.; Jansa, L.; Wang, C. Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous stratigraphy in southeastern Tibet: A comparison with the western Himalayas. Cretac. Res. 2008, 29, 301–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bian, W.W.; Yang, T.S.; Ma, Y.M.; Jin, J.J.; Gao, F.; Wang, S.; Peng, W.X.; Zhang, S.H.; Wu, H.C.; Li, H.Y.; et al. Paleomagnetic and geochronological results from the Zhela and Weimei Formations lava flows of the Eastern Tethyan Himalaya: New insights into the breakup of Eastern Gondwana. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2019, 124, 44–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, K.Z.; Ding, F.; Li, Q.X.; Yang, L.; Li, Y.; Dong, B.B. Petrology and geochemistry of Upper Jurassic Weimei Formation sandstones in southern Tibet: Implications for provenance and tectonic setting. Geosci. J. 2019, 23, 767–790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiao, X.W.; Yang, T.S.; Bian, W.W.; Wang, S.; Ma, J.H.; Peng, W.X.; Zhang, S.H.; Wu, H.C.; Li, H.Y. Middle Jurassic Paleolatitude of the Tethyan Himalaya: New insights into the evolution of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2023, 128, e2023JB026659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, S.C.; Tong, Y.B.; Sun, X.X.; Zhang, Z.J.; Pei, J.L.; Hou, L.F.; Yang, Z.Y. Extensional tectonics of the Indian passive continental margin in the Middle and Late Jurassic: Constraints from detrital zircon ages in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya. J. Geodyn. 2024, 159, 102019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, G.; Einsele, G. Sedimentary history of the Tethyan basin in the Tibetan Himalayas. Geol. Rundsch. 1994, 83, 32–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.G.; Rao, X.; Mu, L.; Cui, X.H.; Li, X.; Luo, H.; Liu, P.X. Jurassic integrative stratigraphy, biotas, and paleogeographical evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas. Sci. China Earth Sci. 2024, 67, 1195–1228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colpaert, C.P.A.M.; Li, G. Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous benthic foraminifera from South Tibet (Tethyan Himalayas): Systematic, biostratigraphic, and palaeoecologic implications. Rev. Micropaléontologie 2023, 78, 100713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, L.; Ding, F.; Li, Y.; Xu, Z.K.; Xie, X.G. Sedimentary characteristics and environmental evolution of the Jurassic Weimei Formation in Yamdrok region of Southern Tibet. Xinjiang Geol. 2019, 37, 401–407, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Li, X.H.; Wang, C.S.; Hu, X.M. Verification from massive sandstone of the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous in Tibetan Tethys Himalayas. J. Mineral. Petrol. 2000, 20, 45–51, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Han, Z.; Hu, X.M.; Li, J.; Garzanti, E. Jurassic carbonate microfacies and relative sea-level changes in the Tethys Himalaya (southern Tibet). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2016, 456, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xia, J.; Zhong, H.M.; Tong, J.S.; Lu, R.K. Sedimentary facies and palaeogeography of the Lhozhag region in southern Xizang during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Sediment. Geol. Tethyan Geol. 2005, 25, 8–17, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Gansser, A. Facts and theories on the Himalayas. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 1991, 84, 33–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, A.; Harrison, T.M. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2000, 28, 211–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, A. Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation. Earth Sci. Front. 2006, 13, 416–515, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garzanti, E.; Frette, M.P. Stratigraphic succession of the Thakkhola region (central Nepal)—Comparison with the northwestern Tethys Himalaya. Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Stratigr. 1991, 97, 3–26. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, C.S.; Hu, X.M.; Sarti, M.; Scott, R.W.; Li, X.H. Upper Cretaceous oceanic red beds in southern Tibet: A major change from anoxic to oxic, deep-sea environments. Cretac. Res. 2005, 26, 21–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gehrels, G.; Kapp, P.; Decelles, P.; Pullen, A.; Blakey, R.; Weislogel, A.; Ding, L.; Guynn, J.; Martin, A. Detrital zircon geochronology of pre-Tertiary strata in the Tibetan-Himalayan orogen. Tectonics 2011, 30, TC5016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tong, Y.B.; Pei, J.L.; Qian, T.; Sun, S.S.; Hou, L.F.; Sun, X.X.; Zhang, Z.J.; Yang, B. Three-stage India-Asia collision proposed by the thrice remagnetizations of the Tethyan Himalaya Terrane. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2024, 51, e2024GL110286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, X.M.; Jansa, L.; Chen, L.; Griffin, W.L.; O’Reilly, S.Y.; Wang, J.G. Provenance of Lower Cretaceous Wölong volcaniclastics in the Tibetan Tethyan Himalaya: Implications for the final breakup of eastern Gondwana. Sediment. Geol. 2010, 223, 193–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jadoul, F.; Berra, F.; Garzanti, E. The Tethys Himalayan passive margin from Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous (South Tibet). J. Asian Earth Sci. 1998, 16, 173–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhargava, O.N.; Singh, B.P. Geological evolution of the Tethys Himalaya. Epis. J. Int. Geosci. 2020, 43, 404–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.G.; Sun, D.L.; He, G.X. New insights into stratigraphy in the Himalayan region (within China). J. Stratigr. 1980, 4, 55–59, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Hou, K.J. Laser ablation-MC-ICP-MS technique for Hf isotope microanalysis of zircon and its geological applications. Acta Petr. Sin. 2007, 23, 2595–2604. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Y.S.; Gao, S.; Hu, Z.C. Continental and oceanic crust recycling induced melt-peridotite interactions in the trans-North China orogen: U-Pb dating, Hf isotopes, and trace elements in zircons from mantle xenoliths. J. Petrol. 2010, 51, 537–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoskin, P.W.O.; Black, L.P. Metamorphic zircon formation by solid-state recrystallization of protolith igneous zircon. J. Metamorph. Geol. 2000, 18, 423–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoskin, P.W.O.; Schaltegger, U. The composition of zircon and igneous and metamorphic petrogenesis. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2003, 53, 27–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sircombe, K.N. Tracing provenance through the isotope ages of littoral and sedimentary detrital zircon, eastern Australia. Sediment. Geol. 1999, 124, 47–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhatia, M.R. Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones. J. Geol. 1983, 91, 611–627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fedo, C.M.; Nesbitt, H.W.; Young, G.M. Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance. Geology 1995, 23, 921–924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McLennan, S.M.; Taylor, S.R. Sedimentary rocks and crustal evolution: Tectonic setting and secular trends. J. Geol. 1991, 99, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Condie, K.C. Another look at rare earth elements in shales. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1991, 55, 2527–2531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, S.S.; McDonough, W.F. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes. In Magmatism in the Ocean Basins; Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J., Eds.; Geological Society: London, UK, 1989; Volume 42, pp. 313–345. [Google Scholar]
- Taylor, S.R.; McLennan, S.M. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution; Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford, UK, 1985; pp. 1–312. [Google Scholar]
- Rudnick, R.L.; Gao, S. Composition of the continental crust. In The Crust, Treatise on Geochemistry; Rudnick, R.L., Ed.; Elsevier-Pergamon: Oxford, UK, 2003; Volume 3, pp. 1–64. [Google Scholar]
- Cullers, R.L. Implications of elemental concentrations for provenance, redox conditions, and metamorphic studies of shales and limestones near Pueblo, CO, USA. Chem. Geol. 2002, 191, 305–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McBride, E.F. Quartz cement in sandstones: A review. Earth-Sci. Rev. 1989, 26, 69–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cawood, P.A.; Nemchin, A.A. Provenance record of a rift basin: U/Pb ages of detrital zircons from the Perth Basin, Western Australia. Sedimentology 2000, 134, 209–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leier, A.L.; Kapp, P.; Gehrels, G.E.; DeCelles, P.G. Detrital zircon geochronology of Carboniferous–Cretaceous strata in the Lhasa terrane, Southern Tibet. Basin Res. 2007, 19, 361–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, D.C.; Zhao, Z.D.; Niu, Y.; Dliek, Y.; Mo, X.X. Lhasa terrane in southern Tibet came from Australia. Geology 2011, 39, 727–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeCelles, P.G.; Gehrels, G.E.; Ouade, J.; LaReau, B.; Spurlin, M. Tectonic implications of U-Pb zircon ages of the Himalayan orogenic belt in Nepal. Science 2000, 288, 497–499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gehrels, G.E.; Decelles, P.G.; Ojha, T.P.; Upreti, B.N. Geologic and U-Pb geochronologic evidence for early Paleozoic tectonism in the Dadeldhura thrust sheet, far-west Nepal Himalaya. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2006, 28, 385–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Myrow, P.M.; Hughes, N.C.; Goodge, J.W.; Fanning, C.M.; Williams, I.S.; Peng, S. Extraordinary transport and mixing of sediment across Himalayan central Gondwana during the Cambrian–Ordovician. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2010, 122, 1660–1670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, C.Y.; Li, C.; Wan, Y.S.; Wang, W.; Wu, Y.W. Detrital zircon age model of Ordovician Wenquan quartzite south of Lungmuco–Shuanghu Suture in the Oiangtang area, Tibet: Constraint on tectonic affinity and source regions. Sci. China Earth Sci. 2011, 54, 1034–1042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.H.; Mattern, F.; Zhang, C.K.; Zeng, Q.; Mao, G. Multiple sources of the Upper Triassic flysch in the eastern Himalaya Orogen, Tibet, China: Implications to palaeogeography and palaeotectonic evolution. Tectonophysics 2016, 666, 12–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.G.; Wu, F.Y.; Garzanti, E.; Hu, X.; Ji, W.Q.; Liu, Z.C.; Liu, X.C. Upper Triassic turbidites of the northern Tethyan Himalaya (Langjiexue Group): The terminal of a sediment-routing system sourced in the Gondwanide Orogen. Gondwana Res. 2016, 34, 84–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Myrow, P.M.; Hughes, N.C.; Searle, M.P.; Fanning, C.M.; Peng, S.C.; Parcha, S.K. Stratigraphic correlation of Cambrian–Ordovician deposits along the Himalaya: Implications for the age and nature of rocks in the Mount Everest region. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2009, 121, 323–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veevers, J.J.; Saeed, A.; Belousova, E.A.; Griffin, W.L. U-Pb ages and source composition by Hf-isotope and trace-element analysis of detrital zircons in Permian sandstone and modern sand from southwestern Australia and a review of the paleogeographical and denudational history of the Yilgarn Craton. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2005, 68, 245–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, A.L.; Hu, X.M.; Garzanti, E.; Han, Z.; Lai, W. Sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the southern Qiangtang basin: Implications for the Lhasa–Qiangtang collision timing. J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth 2017, 122, 4790–4813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lai, W.; Hu, X.M.; Zhu, D.C.; An, W.; Ma, A.L. Discovery of the early Jurassic Gajia mélange in the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone: Southward subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean? Int. J. Earth Sci. 2017, 106, 1277–1288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, G.Y.; Hu, X.M. Tectonic affinity of Zhongba terrane: Evidences from the detrital zircon geochronology and Hf isotopes. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2012, 28, 1635–1646, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Du, X.J.; Chen, X.; Wang, C.S.; Wei, Y.S.; Li, Y.L.; Jansa, L. Geochemistry and detrital zircon U-Pb dating of Lower Cretaceous volcaniclastics in the Babazhadong section, Northern Tethyan Himalaya: Implications for the breakup of Eastern Gondwana. Cretac. Res. 2015, 52, 127–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McQuarrie, N.; Robinson, D.; Long, S.; Tobgay, T.; Grujic, D.; Gehrels, G.; Ducea, M. Preliminary stratigraphic and structural architecture of Bhutan: Implications for the along strike architecture of the Himalayan system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 272, 105–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, M.; Hu, X.M.; Tang, Y.; Deng, Z.; Min, Y.Z.; Chen, S.Y.; Sun, S.J.; Zhou, H.Z. Pan-African and Early Paleozoic Orogenic Events in Southern Tibet: Evidence from Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Kangbuzhenri Gneissic Granite in the Zhegu Area. Minerals 2024, 14, 845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meng, Z.Y.; Wang, J.G.; Ji, W.Q.; Zhang, H.; Wu, F.Y.; Garzanti, E. The Langjiexue Group is an in situ sedimentary sequence rather than an exotic block: Constraints from coeval Upper Triassic strata of the Tethys Himalaya (Qulonggongba Formation). Sci. China Earth Sci. 2019, 62, 783–797, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiao, X.; Shi, Y.R.; Yang, T.S.; Bian, W.; Wang, S.; Peng, W. U-Pb age of detrital zircons from Lower Cretaceous in eastern Tethyan Himalaya and its paleogeography. J. Earth Sci. 2021, 46, 2850–2859, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Jiao, X.W.; Yang, T.S.; Bian, W.W.; Wang, S.; Peng, W.X.; Ma, J.H.; Ding, J.K.; Liang, J.C.; Zhang, Y.B.; Li, H.Y.; et al. First paleomagnetic and geochronological results from the early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the western Tethyan Himalaya: Contribution to the breakup of eastern Gondwana and the paleogeography of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 2025, 130, e2024JB031095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, W.Y. The Sedimentary Features and Paleogeographic Implications of the Late Jurassic Quartz Sandstones in the Tethys Himalaya of Southern Tibet. Master’s Thesis, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China, 2018. (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Roser, B.P.; Korsch, R.J. Provenance signatures of sandstone-mudstone suites determined using discriminant function analysis of major-element data. Chem. Geol. 1988, 67, 119–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gu, X.X.; Liu, J.M.; Zheng, M.H.; Tang, J.X.; Qi, L. Provenance and tectonic setting of the Proterozoic turbidites in Hunan, South China: Geochemical evidence. J. Sediment. Res. 2002, 72, 393–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Floyd, P.A.; Leveridge, B.E. Tectonic environment of the Devonian Gramscatho basin, south Cornwall: Framework mode and geochemical evidence from turbiditic sandstones. J. Geol. Soc. 1987, 144, 531–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhatia, M.R.; Crook, K.A.W. Trace element characteristics of graywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1986, 92, 181–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeCelles, P.G.; Giles, K.A. Foreland basin systems. Basin Res. 1996, 8, 105–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sepidbar, F.; Homam, S.M.; Ghaemi, F.; Stern, R.J.; Jun, H.; Karsli, O.; Gholami, M. Cadomian tectonic evolution of Iran: Records of an unusually hot and broad extensional convergent margin on the northern margin of Gondwana. Int. Geol. Rev. 2024, 66, 1352–1372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Li, Y.; Tan, X.; Todrani, A.; Han, Z.; Cheng, J.; Xiao, S.; Ma, X.; Li, Z.; Xu, Y.; et al. Paleomagnetic results from the Early–Middle Jurassic rocks in the Tethyan Himalayas and tectonic implications. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2024, 265, 106088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, L. The Background and Styles of the Mesozoic Continental Margin Rift Basin in Eastern Tethys Himalaya, South Tibet. Master’s Thesis, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China, 2017; pp. 1–76, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- He, D.F. Study on Deposition Palaeogeography Feature in Late Jurassic, in Southern Tibetan Plateau. Master’s Thesis, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China, 2009; pp. 1–69, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Brookfield, M.E. The Himalayan passive margin from Precambrian to Cretaceous. Sediment. Geol. 1993, 84, 1–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, D.C.; Zhao, Z.D.; Niu, Y.; Dilek, Y.; Hou, Z.Q.; Mo, X.X. The origin and pre-Cenozoic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Gondwana Res. 2013, 23, 1429–1454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, L.; Zhang, H.F.; Harris, N.; Xu, W.C.; Pan, F.B. Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology, trace-element and Hf-isotope geochemistry of the metasedimentary rocks in the Eastern Himalayan syntaxis: Tectonic and paleogeographic implications. Gondwana Res. 2017, 41, 207–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, Z.W.; Zhu, X.Y.; Zhang, Y.M. Palaeomagnetic Observation in Xizang and Continental Drift. Acta Geophys. Sin. 1981, 1, 40–49, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Li, J.Z.; Feng, X.T.; Zhu, T.X.; Zhuang, Z.H.; Pan, Z.X.; Zou, G.F. New Paleomagnetic Results from the Tethyan Himalaya in Southern Tibet. Prog. Nat. Sci. 2006, 16, 578–583, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, B.S.; Wei, Y.S.; Garzanti, E.; Wang, C.S.; Chen, X.; Pan, W.Y.; Liu, Q.S. Sedimentologic and stratigraphic constraints on the orientation of the Late Triassic northern Indian passive continental margin. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2019, 533, 109234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garzanti, E.; Haas, R.; Jadoul, F. Ironstones in the Mesozoic passive margin sequence of the Tethys Himalaya (Zanskar, Northern India): Sedimentology and metamorphism. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 1989, 46, 229–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, E.Y.; Fathy, D.; Xiang, X.X.; Spahić, D.; Ahmed, M.S.; Fathi, E.; Sami, M. Middle Miocene syn-rift sequence on the central Gulf of Suez, Egypt: Depositional environment, diagenesis, and their roles in reservoir quality. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2025, 174, 107305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, D.C.; Mo, X.X.; Pan, G.T.; Zhao, Z.D.; Dong, G.C.; Shi, Y.R.; Liao, Z.L.; Wang, L.Q.; Zhou, C.Y. Petrogenesis of the earliest Early Cretaceous mafic rocks from the Cona area of the eastern Tethyan Himalaya in south Tibet: Interaction between the incubating Kerguelen plume and the eastern Greater India lithosphere? Lithos 2008, 100, 147–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Hinsbergen, D.J.J.; Lippert, P.C.; Dupont-Nivet, G.; McQuarrie, N.; Doubrovine, P.V.; Spakman, W.; Torsvik, T.H. Greater India basin hypothesis and a two-stage Cenozoic collision between India and Asia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109, 7659–7664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sample | WMFX1 | WMFX2 | WMFX3 | WMFX4 | WMFX5 | KMFX1 | KMFX2 | KMFX3 | KMFX4 | KMFX5 | KMFX6 | KMFX7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lithology | Quartz Sandstone | Lithic quartz sandstone | ||||||||||
SiO2 | 95.7 | 95.2 | 96.3 | 96.8 | 96.8 | 70.2 | 65.5 | 70.3 | 65.0 | 62.9 | 67.0 | 67.8 |
Na2O | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.37 | 0.63 | 0.34 | 0.73 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.51 |
K2O | 0.31 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 2.79 | 3.31 | 2.49 | 2.58 | 2.35 | 2.30 | 3.08 |
FeO | 0.63 | 1.18 | 0.38 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 4.31 | 4.24 | 4.74 | 2.97 | 2.66 | 0.29 | 6.54 |
Fe2O3 | 0.07 | 0.29 | 1.06 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 1.98 | 2.32 | 2.08 | 0.62 | 0.46 | 0.02 | 0.55 |
P2O5 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.26 |
TiO2 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 0.92 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 1.62 |
MgO | 0.16 | 0.30 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 3.00 | 2.99 | 3.10 | 7.06 | 7.50 | 5.21 | 2.50 |
CaO | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 16.9 | 16.3 | 18.4 | 3.36 |
Al2O3 | 1.91 | 1.98 | 1.12 | 1.48 | 1.40 | 15.0 | 17.9 | 14.3 | 4.13 | 4.10 | 4.45 | 10.5 |
MnO | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.08 |
LOI | 0.36 | 1.03 | 0.75 | 0.74 | 0.66 | 3.53 | 3.93 | 4.11 | 2.00 | 1.98 | 2.73 | 2.26 |
Y | 4.06 | 3.82 | 4.65 | 3.43 | 3.28 | 13.6 | 13.3 | 12.3 | 9.55 | 8.72 | 7.7 | 18.4 |
La | 11.9 | 8.85 | 10.9 | 11.9 | 11.0 | 41.2 | 51.0 | 47.2 | 12.6 | 14.0 | 10.0 | 22.3 |
Ce | 27.0 | 27.5 | 27.2 | 27.4 | 25.0 | 96.0 | 117 | 109 | 25.8 | 26.4 | 20.4 | 49.6 |
Pr | 2.92 | 2.50 | 2.69 | 2.74 | 2.54 | 10.1 | 13.1 | 11.4 | 2.82 | 2.96 | 2.35 | 6.36 |
Nd | 10.6 | 9.65 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 9.06 | 38.5 | 48.7 | 42.2 | 11 | 11.1 | 9.58 | 27.4 |
Sm | 1.83 | 1.80 | 1.86 | 1.87 | 1.69 | 7.43 | 9.09 | 7.94 | 2.3 | 2.16 | 2.02 | 6.64 |
Eu | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 1.48 | 1.68 | 1.38 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.32 | 1.92 |
Gd | 1.23 | 1.33 | 1.5 | 1.47 | 1.5 | 5.73 | 6.21 | 5.49 | 2.06 | 2.06 | 1.74 | 6.26 |
Tb | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.66 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.90 |
Dy | 0.85 | 0.89 | 0.98 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 3.46 | 3.36 | 3.02 | 1.86 | 1.76 | 1.37 | 4.56 |
Ho | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.53 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.79 |
Er | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.42 | 0.38 | 1.64 | 1.72 | 1.5 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 0.92 | 2.06 |
Tm | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.28 |
Yb | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 1.5 | 1.54 | 1.39 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 1.62 |
Lu | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.28 |
As | 0.84 | 5.14 | 45.4 | 2.53 | 2.56 | 4.00 | 14.7 | 10.6 | 6.24 | 7.15 | 2.12 | 2.08 |
Ba | 102 | 25.9 | 28.4 | 58.6 | 55.0 | 530 | 611 | 480 | 81.9 | 55.4 | 49.0 | 49.6 |
Cd | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
Co | 1.00 | 1.14 | 6.25 | 2.94 | 3.42 | 11.3 | 16.8 | 10.3 | 2.27 | 1.96 | 0.68 | 24.2 |
Cr | 21.4 | 13.1 | 10.1 | 11.4 | 12.4 | 101 | 112 | 92.7 | 20.7 | 18 | 10.9 | 156 |
Hf | 3.80 | 2.42 | 4.80 | 5.03 | 4.66 | 13.3 | 15.1 | 14.1 | 4.94 | 7.14 | 3.73 | 7.48 |
Mo | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.57 | 0.40 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.51 |
Nb | 4.09 | 3 | 4.22 | 4.87 | 4.04 | 20.2 | 25.8 | 23.2 | 5.88 | 5.34 | 3.81 | 21 |
Ni | 7.76 | 14.3 | 12.9 | 25.3 | 28.6 | 43.6 | 48.9 | 41.6 | 7.72 | 5.57 | 4.51 | 68.1 |
Pb | 4.48 | 4.28 | 2.3 | 4.61 | 4.18 | 26.1 | 26.1 | 26.5 | 3.84 | 3.58 | 3.1 | 7.09 |
Rb | 13.5 | 3.76 | 3.13 | 5.48 | 4.94 | 104 | 124 | 96.1 | 22.4 | 14.2 | 12.8 | 4.4 |
Sc | 1.7 | 2.19 | 1.27 | 1.12 | 1.08 | 13.4 | 15.8 | 13.6 | 2.62 | 1.98 | 1.26 | 10.8 |
Sr | 30.8 | 12.7 | 19.4 | 29.0 | 27.4 | 112 | 149 | 100 | 338 | 374 | 419 | 144 |
Ta | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.29 | 1.41 | 1.75 | 1.53 | 0.644 | 0.502 | 0.407 | 1.4 |
Th | 4.8 | 3.51 | 4.62 | 5.35 | 5.10 | 21.3 | 23.8 | 24.6 | 7.15 | 7.18 | 4.73 | 5.92 |
U | 0.25 | 1.01 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 1.93 | 1.89 | 1.46 | 0.44 | 0.52 | 0.33 | 0.77 |
V | 17.4 | 40.5 | 14.6 | 14.4 | 13.9 | 157 | 158 | 152 | 28.1 | 28 | 8.65 | 112 |
Zr | 179 | 101 | 189 | 204 | 180 | 433 | 500 | 512 | 192 | 214 | 93.3 | 254 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, J.; Yan, S.; Huang, H.; Liu, T.; Xin, C.; Chen, S. Sedimentary Environment, Tectonic Setting, and Paleogeographic Reconstruction of the Late Jurassic Weimei Formation in Dingri, Southern Tibet. Minerals 2025, 15, 1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101040
Wang J, Yan S, Huang H, Liu T, Xin C, Chen S. Sedimentary Environment, Tectonic Setting, and Paleogeographic Reconstruction of the Late Jurassic Weimei Formation in Dingri, Southern Tibet. Minerals. 2025; 15(10):1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101040
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Jie, Songtao Yan, Hao Huang, Tao Liu, Chongyang Xin, and Song Chen. 2025. "Sedimentary Environment, Tectonic Setting, and Paleogeographic Reconstruction of the Late Jurassic Weimei Formation in Dingri, Southern Tibet" Minerals 15, no. 10: 1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101040
APA StyleWang, J., Yan, S., Huang, H., Liu, T., Xin, C., & Chen, S. (2025). Sedimentary Environment, Tectonic Setting, and Paleogeographic Reconstruction of the Late Jurassic Weimei Formation in Dingri, Southern Tibet. Minerals, 15(10), 1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101040