2.1. Case 1—
The Hamilton–Poisson structure is characterize by two prime integrals
with
being the Hamiltonian and
the Casimir of the system (
1).
For
or
or
, the system (
1) admits symmetries with respect to the
-axis, being invariant to transformation
;
The matrix of linear part of system (
1) is
A. For
, system (
1) becomes as follows:
with the following equilibrium points:
,
and
.
The characteristic polynomial of
is
whose roots are
for
(i.e., purely imaginary).
There is one periodic orbit of system (
5) around the equilibrium point
whose period is closed to
.
The characteristic polynomial of
is
whose roots are purely imaginary
for
.
Therefore, there exists one periodic orbit of system (
5) around the equilibrium point
whose period is closed to
.
For the equilibrium point
, when
, we assume that
and
,
,
. Then,
. The periodic orbit does not exist, but there are homoclinic orbits given by the intersection between the level sets
and
as follows:
The solution of the system (
5) can be obtained by using the following transformation
Substituting Equation (
11) into the first relation from Equation (
5) yields the following differential equation
whose solution is
Combining Equations (
11) and (
12) we obtain four solutions of system (
5)
with
. Therefore, we obtain four homoclinic orbits, which are graphically depicted in
Figure 1.
Related to the equilibrium point
, when
, we assume that
and
,
. Then,
. The periodic orbit does not exists, but there exist heteroclinic orbits given by the intersection between the level sets
and
as follows:
The solution of the system (
5) can be obtained by solving the previous system by
Substituting Equation (
14) into the first relation from Equation (
5) yields the following differential equation
whose solution is
where
. Then, we consider
where
. Combining Equations (
14) and (
16), we obtain the following solutions of system (
5)
These solutions yield four heteroclinic orbits as
and four split-heteroclinic orbits as
of system (
5), respectively, with the following:
respectively.
These eight heteroclinic orbits are graphically depicted in
Figure 2.
B. For
, the system (
1) becomes as follows:
Then, the equilibrium points are , , and .
The characteristic polynomial of
is
whose roots are
for
(i.e., purely imaginary).
Therefore, there exists one periodic orbit of system (
18) around the equilibrium point
whose period is closed to
.
The characteristic polynomial of
is
whose roots are purely imaginary
for
.
Therefore, there exists one periodic orbit of system (
18) around the equilibrium point
whose period is closed to
.
Related to the equilibrium point
, when
, we assume that
and
,
,
. Then,
. The periodic orbit does not exists, but there exists homoclinic orbits given by the intersection between the level sets
and
as follows:
The solution of system (
18) can be obtained by using the following transformation
Substituting Equation (
24) into the second relation from Equation (
18) yields the following differential equation
whose solution is
Combining Equations (
24) and (
25) we obtain four solutions of system (
18)
with
. Therefore, we obtain four homoclinic orbits which are graphically presented in
Figure 3.
Related to the equilibrium point
, when
, we assume that
,
,
,
. Then,
. The periodic orbit does not exists, but there exist heteroclinic orbits given by the intersection between the level sets
and
as follows:
The solution of system (
18) can be obtained by solving the previous system by
Substituting Equation (
27) into the third relation from Equation (
18) yields the following differential equation
whose solution is
where
. Then, we consider
where
. Combining Equations (
27) and (
29), we obtain the following solutions of system (
18)
These solutions yield four heteroclinic orbits of the system (
18) as follows:
and four split-heteroclinic orbits
with the following:
respectively.
These eight heteroclinic orbits are graphically depicted in
Figure 4.
C. For , the equilibrium points are , , , , and .
The characteristic polynomial of
is
whose roots are
for
(i.e., purely imaginary).
Therefore, there exists one periodic orbit of system (
1) around the equilibrium point
whose period is closed to
.
The characteristic polynomial of
is
whose roots are purely imaginary
for
.
Therefore, there exists one periodic orbit of system (
1) around the equilibrium point
whose period is closed to
.
The characteristic polynomial of
is
whose roots are purely imaginary
for
.
Therefore, there exists one periodic orbit of system (
1) around the equilibrium point
whose period is closed to
.
In the case with , the condition is true if and only if .
In the case with , the condition is true if and only if or .
The case is similar to the case .
In relation to the equilibrium point
, when
, we assume that
,
,
and
. Then,
. The periodic orbit does not exist, but there exists homoclinic orbits given by the intersection between the level sets
and
as follows:
The solution of system (
1) can be obtained by using the following transformation
Substituting Equation (
38) into the third relation from Equation (
1) yields the following differential equation
whose solutions are
where
,
,
.
Combining Equations (
38) and (
39), for
, we obtain four solutions of system (
1)
,
,
,
for
and
, respectively, and two solutions of system (
1)
,
, for
with
. These homoclinic orbits are graphically shown in
Figure 5 and
Figure 6, respectively.
2.2. Case 2—
The system (
1) becomes as follows:
In this case, the Hamiltonian
and the Casimir
of the system (
40) are
By means of these prime integrals (constants of motion), the semi-analytical solutions in closed-form could be obtained using the OAFM procedure [
23]. This solution will be called the OAFM-solution and is denoted by
or
. The accuracy is validated in
Section 4.2.
For
, the system (
40) admits symmetries with respect to the Oz-axis, being invariant to transformation
.
Assume that . Then, the equilibrium points are as follows: , , , , and .
The characteristic polynomial of
is
whose roots are
for
(i.e., purely imaginary).
Therefore, there exists one periodic orbit of system (
40) around the equilibrium point
whose period is closed to
.
The characteristic polynomial of
is
whose roots are purely imaginary
for
.
Therefore, there exists one periodic orbit of system (
40) around the equilibrium point
whose period is closed to
.
The characteristic polynomial of
is
whose roots are purely imaginary
for
and
.
Therefore, there exists one periodic orbit of system (
40) around the equilibrium point
whose period is closed to
.
Related to the equilibrium point
, when
, we assume that
,
, and
. Then,
. The periodic orbit does not exist, but there exist eight heteroclinic orbits given by the intersection between the level sets
and
as follows:
The solution of the system (
40) can be obtained by solving the previous system by
Substituting Equation (
49) into the third relation from Equation (
40) yields the following differential equation
whose solutions are
where
,
, and
. Combining Equations (
49) and (
50), we obtain the following solutions of system (
40)
These solutions describe only four heteroclinic orbits of the system (
40) as follows:
with
Therefore, we obtain only four heteroclinic orbits which are graphically depicted in
Figure 7.
Related to the equilibrium point
, when
, we assume that
and
,
. Then,
. The periodic orbit does not exist, but there exist two heteroclinic orbits given by the intersection between the level sets
and
as follows:
The solution of the system (
40) can be obtained by solving the previous system by
Substituting Equation (
53) into the first relation from Equation (
40) yields the following differential equation
whose solutions are
where
,
, and
.
Combining Equations (
53) and (
54), we obtain the following solutions of system (
40)
These solutions describe only four heteroclinic orbits of the system (
40) as follows:
with
Therefore, we obtain only four heteroclinic orbits, which are graphically depicted in
Figure 8.
Related to the equilibrium point
, when
and
, we assume that
and
,
,
. Then,
. The periodic orbit does not exist, but there exist four heteroclinic orbits given by the intersection between the level sets
and
as follows:
The solution of the system (
40) can be obtained by solving the previous system by
Substituting Equation (
57) into the first relation from Equation (
40) yields the following differential equation
whose solutions are
where
. Combining Equations (
57) and (
58), we obtain the following solutions of system (
40)
These solutions describe four heteroclinic orbits of the system (
40) as follows:
with
Therefore, we obtain four heteroclinic orbits, which are graphically depicted in
Figure 9.
Remark 1. For , , and , the system (40) admits periodic solutions if and only if . Remark 2. All the analyzed cases lead to the periodic behaviors of the system described by Equation (1). The periodic solutions will be numerically computed in Section 4.2 using the OAFM technique for several values of the physical parameters a, b, c, d, and initial conditions , , , respectively.