Abstract
In this article, we establish the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy double-controlled metric-like spaces by “assuming that the self-distance may not be zero”; if the value of the metric is zero, then it has to be “a self-distance”. We derive numerous fixed-point results for contraction mappings. In addition, we provide several non-trivial examples with their graphical views and an application of integral equations to show the validity of the proposed results.
1. Introduction
In 1965, Zadeh [1] developed “fuzzy notion” to contrast imprecise terms, in which the membership function is used. Atanassov [2] introduced the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy sets in which membership and non-membership functions are used. Fuzzy sets presented in [1] and metric spaces are combined to establish the concept of fuzzy metric spaces, in which the notion of the continuous t-norm is used, which was introduced by Schweizer and Sklar [3]. The notion of fuzzy metric spaces was first introduced by Kramosil and Michalak [4] in 1975 and then George and Veeramani [5,6] updated it in 1994. Garbiec [7] established the fuzzy version of the Banach fixed-point result.
Harandi [8] established the concept of metric-like spaces and proved several fixed-point theorems for contraction mappings. The notion of metric-like spaces is a generalization of metric space. Mlaiki [9] established the concept of controlled metric-type spaces. Mlaiki et al. [10] established the notion of controlled metric-like spaces as a generalization of controlled-type metric spaces. Shukla and Abbas [11] established the notion of fuzzy metric-like spaces as a generalization of fuzzy metric spaces. Recently, Javed et al. [12] introduced the notion of fuzzy b-metric-like spaces as a generalization of fuzzy b-metric spaces and fuzzy metric-like spaces and proved several fixed-point results for contraction mappings.
In 2004, Park [13] established the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces and discussed the topological structure. Konwar [14] established the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy b-metric spaces as a generalization of intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces. Shatanawi et al. [15] used an E.A property and the common E.A property for coupled maps to obtain new results on generalized intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces, and Gupta et al. [16] obtained some coupled fixed-point results on modified intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces and applied them to the integral-type contraction. Recently, Sezen [17] established the concept of controlled fuzzy metric spaces and derived several fixed-point results. Saleem et al. [18] established the concept of fuzzy double-controlled metric spaces as a generalization of controlled fuzzy metric spaces and proved several fixed-point results for contraction mappings with an application of integral equations. Itoh [19] derived several random fixed-point theorems with an application of random differential equations in Banach spaces. Numerous fixed-point results of generalizations of fuzzy metric spaces were established by the authors [20,21,22,23,24]. Recently, Farheen et al. [25] introduced the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy double-controlled metric spaces and proved some fixed-point results. The authors in [26,27,28,29,30] worked on different interesting applications of the fixed-point theory.
In this manuscript, we introduce the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy double-controlled metric-like spaces by replacing the following properties of intuitionistic fuzzy double-controlled metric spaces:
with
We assume that the self-distance may not be zero; if the value of the metric is zero, then it has to be a self-distance and several fixed-point results for contraction mappings must be proven. Additionally, we establish a number of non-trivial examples with their graphs and an application for integral equations.
2. Preliminaries
In the section, we give some basic notions that are helpful for readers to understand the main section.
Definition 1
([1]). A fuzzy set defined in a space is a non-empty set of 2-tuple elements:
where is a membership function of a set , which for every element assigns its membership degree to the fuzzy set . The set is called a domain of discourse and we write .
Definition 2
([2]). Let be a non-empty set. An intuitionistic fuzzy set in is an object having the form where the functions define, respectively, the degree of membership and degree of non-membership of the element to the set which is the subset of and for all . Furthermore, we have , called the index of the intuitionistic fuzzy set or the hesitation margin of is the degree of indeterminacy of to the intuitionistic fuzzy set and for every
Definition 3
([13]). A binary operation : [0, 1] [0, 1] [0, 1] is said to be a CTN if it satisfies the following conditions:
- 1.
- 2.
- is continuous;
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
- Ifandwiththen
Definition 4
([13]). A binary operation : [0, 1] [0, 1] [0, 1] is said to be a CTCN if it satisfies the following conditions:
- 1.
- 2.
- is continuous;
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
- Ifandwiththen
Definition 5
([14]). Suppose . Let be a CTN, be a CTCN and . Let be FSs on, If they satisfy the following conditions for all
- (IFB1)
- (1FB2)
- (IFB3)
- (IFB4)
- (IFB5)
- (IFB6)is a non-decreasing function of;
- (IFB7)
- (IFB8)
- (IFB9)
- (IFB10)
- (IFB11)is a non-increasing function ofand
- thenis said to be IFBMS.
Definition 6
([25]). Let . Suppose are non-comparable functions. Let be a CTN and be a CTCN. Let be FSs on . If they satisfy the following conditions for all :
- (IFD1)
- (IFD2)
- (IFD3)
- (IFD4)
- (IFD5)
- (IFD6)is left continuous;
- (IFD7)
- (IFD8)
- (IFD9)
- (IFD10)
- (IFD11)is left continuous;
- thenis said to be IFDCMS.
3. Main Results
In this section, we introduce the concept of IFDCMLSs and prove some FP results for contraction mappings.
Definition 7.
Let. Supposeare non-comparable functions. Letbe a CTN andbe a CTCN. Letbe FSs on. If they satisfy the following conditions for all
- (IFDL1)
- (IFDL2)
- (IFDL3)
- (IFDL4)
- (IFDL5)
- (IFDL6)is left continuous;
- (IFDL7)
- (IFDL8)
- (IFDL9)
- (IFDL10)
- (IFDL11)is left continuous;thenis said to be an IFDCMLS.
Example 1.
Suppose are non-comparable functions given by. Defineby
and
Then,is an IFDCMLS with CTNand CTCN
Remark 1.
In IFDCMLS, the self-distance may be not equal to 1 for the membership function or 0 for non-membership function. So, every IFDCMS is an IFDCMLS, but the converse is not true.
Consider Example 1, and let.
Then
and
.
Remark 2.
Example 2 is also fulfilled for CTNand CTCN
Example 2.
Let be two NCFs given by.
Defineas
Figure 1.
The graphical behavior of the functions with , where the yellow color represents behavior and the blue color represents behavior of .
Remark 3.
The above example also holds for
and
Remark 4.
Example 3 is also fulfilled for CTNand CTCN
Example 3.
Let be two NCFs given by. Defineas
and
Figure 2.
The graphical behavior of the functions with , where the yellow color represents behavior and the blue color represents behavior of .
Remark 5.
In the above example, if we let,,. Then, it is not an IFDCMLS.
Proposition 1.
Letandbe two NCFs given byDefineas
Figure 3.
The graphical behavior of the and functions with and , in which the yellow color depicts behavior and the blue color depicts behavior of .
Remark 6.
Proposition 1 is also satisfied for CTNand CTCN
Proposition 2.
Letandbe two NCFs given byDefineas
.
Figure 4.
The graphical behavior of the and functions with and , in which the yellow color depicts behavior and the blue color depicts behavior of .
Remark 7.
The above proposition is also satisfied for CTNand CTCN
Definition 8.
Let an open ballin an IFDCMLSwith centerradiusandbe defined as follows:
Definition 9.
Supposeis an IFDCMLS. Letbe a sequence in. Then
- (i)
- is said to be a convergent sequence if there existssuch that.
- (ii)
- is said to be a Cauchy sequence (CS) if for everythere existssuch thatexists and is finite.
- (iii)
- An IFDCMLSis said to be complete if every CS is convergent inthat is
Lemma 1.
Letbe any two points in an IFDCMLSIf for anywe have
then
Theorem 1.
Letbe a complete IFDCMLS withandassume that
for alland. Letbe a mapping satisfying
for alland.
Thenhas a unique FP.
Proof.
.
Suppose is an arbitrary point in and define a sequence by , . By utilizing for all we deduce
and
We obtain
for any ,
and
Using inequalities in (3), we have
and
Utilizing equations in (1) and for we obtain
That is, is a CS. Therefore, is a complete IFDCMLS, and there exists in .
Now investigate that is an FP of ξ, using of Definition 7, we obtain
and
Hence, .
Uniqueness: Given another FP, i.e., for some , then
and
by utilizing . □
Definition 10.
Supposeis an IFDCMLS. A mappingis said to be a D-controlled intuitionistic fuzzy-like contraction if there exists, such that
and
for all.
Theorem 2.
Letbe a complete IFDCMLS withand suppose that
for alland. Supposeis a D-controlled intuitionistic fuzzy-like contraction. Moreover, assume that for a random pointwith. Thenhas a unique FP.
Proof.
.
Suppose is an arbitrary point in and define a sequence by , . By utilizing and for all we deduce
Similarly, we deduce
We obtain
and
for any , we deduce
and
and
Therefore,
That is, is a CS. Therefore, let be a complete IFDCMLS, so there exists in Now investigate that is an FP of ξ, using we have
Using the above inequality,
, and
That is .
Uniqueness: Suppose another FP, i.e., for some , then we have
a contradiction, and
a contradiction. Therefore, we must have , hence . □
Example 4.
Let be non-comparable functions defined by
and
Defineas
Then,is a complete IFDCMS with CTNand CTCN
Defineand takethen
and
Figure 5.
The graphical behavior of where the yellow color shows the left-hand side and the blue color shows the right-hand side, when and .
Figure 6.
The graphical behavior of where the yellow color shows the left-hand side and the blue color shows the right-hand side, when and .
Hence, all conditions of Theorem 1 are satisfied and is a unique FP for as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Shows that the FP of is 0 and is unique.
4. Application to an Integral Equation
Suppose is a set of all the real-valued continuous functions on the closed interval .
Suppose the following integral equation:
where and is a fuzzy function of . Now, we define by
and
with CTN and CTCN defined by Define as
Then, let be a complete IFDCMLS.
Let for all , and for all . Additionally, suppose . Then, integral Equation (9) has a unique solution.
Proof.
Define by
For all , we obtain
Observe that all the conditions of Theorem 1 are satisfied. Hence, the integral Equation (9) has a unique solution. □
5. Conclusions
In this paper, we introduced the notion of an IFDCMLS. In this new setting, we established a number of new types of FP theorems. In order to demonstrate the viability of the suggested methods, we provided non-trivial examples together with their graphs. This research is supported by an application that demonstrates how the created methodology outperforms the methods that are based on the literature, since our structure is more general than the class of previously published results. It is easy to extend this research to the structure of intuitionistic fuzzy triple-controlled metric-like spaces, neutrosophic double-controlled metric-like spaces, and neutrosophic triple-controlled metric-like spaces. In the future, we will work on more than one self-mapping to find the existence and uniqueness of a fixed point in different generalized fuzzy metric structures.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, U.I., N.S., F.U. and K.A.; Formal analysis, U.I., N.S., F.U. and K.A.; Investigation, N.S. and F.U.; Methodology, U.I., N.S., F.U. and K.A.; Supervision, S.S. and F.d.M.; Validation, S.S. and F.d.M.; Writing—original draft, K.A.; Writing—review & editing, U.I. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Data Availability Statement
On request, the data used to support the findings of this study can be obtained from the corresponding author.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Abbreviations
The following abbreviation are used in this study.
| FSs | Fuzzy sets |
| FMSs | Fuzzy metric spaces |
| CTN | Continuous triangular norm |
| CTCN | Continuous triangular co-norm |
| IFMSs | Intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces |
| MLSs | Metric-like spaces |
| CMLSs | Controlled metric-like spaces |
| FMLSs | Fuzzy metric-like spaces |
| IFDMSs | Intuitionistic fuzzy double-controlled metric spaces |
| IFDCMLSs | Intuitionistic fuzzy double-controlled metric-like spaces |
| FP | Fixed point |
| FDMSs | Fuzzy double-controlled metric spaces |
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