An Effective Toss-and-Catch Algorithm for Fixed-Rail Mobile Terminal Equipment That Ensures Reliable Transmission and Non-Interruptible Handovers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Use of OIS movement paths to effectively categorize SBSs that may be encountered:The OIS can identify, in advance, the SBSs located close to its movement path and categorize them effectively to optimize their performance. We can then avoid unnecessary handovers and provide a firm foundation for the OIS to perform data transmissions.
- Automatic adjustment of each SBS’s coverage area and definition of modes:Based on their respective loads, the coverage area of each SBS is automatically adjusted and several modes are defined. The loads of the categorized SBSs (environmental changes are also considered) are effectively adjusted through the use of appropriate modes.
- GPS positioning and received signal strength (RSS) support:Using GPS positioning, the SBSs in a large area that are suited for a handover can be identified, such that an OIS is able to determine the best SBS in advance and we are able to identify the actual location of the OIS. After the most suitable SBS has been determined, RSS can then be utilized to enable the timely handover of the connection signal by the OIS.
- Ability of the OIS to facilitate a handover by evaluating and selecting the most suitable SBS in its path based on the current situation:SBSs that are suitable for a handover are individually evaluated. Weighted scoring is performed using three indicators, namely the hold time of the connection between the OIS and an SBS, the RSS of the OIS, and the load capacity of an SBS, with the purpose of identifying the SBS in the OIS’s path that is most suitable for a handover.
- Simulation of fading in different channel environments:Simulations based on different symmetric fading channel environments were performed in this study, with the aim of developing practical SBS selection and handover methods that can be applied to mobile terminal equipment in a realistic context.
2. Related Work
3. Model Assumption and Toss-and-Catch Algorithm
3.1. Gathering of Information about the Route Ahead and the SBSs Deployed around This Route
3.1.1. Track Path Calculation and Coordinate Conversion
3.1.2. SBS Categorization and Mode Setting
3.2. GPS Positioning of OIS
3.3. Score-Based Selection Mechanism
3.3.1. Data Collection
- (1)
- Introduction of parameters for scoring of OIS connection hold time
- (2)
- Introduction of parameters for scoring of maximum RSS available to the OIS
- (3)
- Introduction of parameters for scoring of OIS load that can be processed
3.3.2. Scoring and Ranking
- (1)
- Scoring of OIS connection hold time ()
- (2)
- Scoring of maximum RSS available to the OIS ()
- (3)
- Scoring of OIS load that can be processed ()
- (4)
- Total score after weight averaging ()
3.4. Overload Support Mechanism
3.5. Handover Stage
3.6. Time Complexity Analysis
3.7. Pros and Cons
4. Simulation Results and Discussion
- (1)
- Control Group 1: Unlike the proposed method, the method applied to this group did not incorporate SBS categorization and the overload support mechanism and adjusted the mode of each SBS according to the SBS’s load ratio. Note that the worst-case time complexity of Control Group 1 is O(N( +|SBSG1|log |SBSG1|)).
- (2)
- Control Group 2: This group is identical to Control Group 1 in all ways except that it uses a random selection mechanism instead of a score-based one. Note that the worst-case time complexity of Control Group 2 is O(N).
4.1. Simulation Method and Parameter Design
4.2. Effects of the OIS’s Speed on Various Aspects of Performance
4.2.1. Connection Hold Rate
4.2.2. Handover Frequency
4.2.3. Average RSS
4.2.4. Manageable Load Percentage of the OIS
4.3. Effects of the OIS’s Load Ratio on Various Aspects of Performance
4.3.1. Connection Hold Rate
4.3.2. Handover Frequency
4.3.3. Average RSS
4.3.4. Manageable Load Percentage of the OIS
5. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Conversion of the Actual Geographic Coordinate System to the Kernel Coordinate System
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Chung, Y.-L.; Wu, S.-H. An Effective Toss-and-Catch Algorithm for Fixed-Rail Mobile Terminal Equipment That Ensures Reliable Transmission and Non-Interruptible Handovers. Symmetry 2021, 13, 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040582
Chung Y-L, Wu S-H. An Effective Toss-and-Catch Algorithm for Fixed-Rail Mobile Terminal Equipment That Ensures Reliable Transmission and Non-Interruptible Handovers. Symmetry. 2021; 13(4):582. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040582
Chicago/Turabian StyleChung, Yao-Liang, and Sheng-Hui Wu. 2021. "An Effective Toss-and-Catch Algorithm for Fixed-Rail Mobile Terminal Equipment That Ensures Reliable Transmission and Non-Interruptible Handovers" Symmetry 13, no. 4: 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040582