Experimental Study on Heating Performances of Integrated Battery and HVAC System with Serial and Parallel Circuits for Electric Vehicle
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Method
3. Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
4. Data Reduction
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Heating Performances of Battery and HVAC for Integrated System with Parallel Circuit
5.1.1. Battery out Temperature and Battery Temperature Rise Rate
5.1.2. Battery and HVAC Heating Capacities
5.2. Heating Performances of Battery and HVAC for Integrated System with Serial Circuit
5.2.1. Battery out Temperature and Battery Temperature Rise Rate
5.2.2. Battery and HVAC Heating Capacities
5.3. Total Heating Capacity of Integrated System with Serial and Parallel Circuits
5.4. ANN Model for Battery and HVAC Heating Performances
5.4.1. Integrated System with Parallel Circuit
5.4.2. Integrated System with Serial Circuit
6. Conclusions
- (a)
- The effect of heater power on heating performances of the integrated system with serial and parallel circuits and effect of flow ratio on heating performances of the integrated system with parallel circuit are analyzed. As the heater power increases, the heating performances increases for the integrated system with serial and parallel circuits. With an increase in the flow ratio to the battery, battery heating performance enhances, whereas HVAC heating performance decreases.
- (b)
- In the case of integrated system with parallel circuit, battery out temperature reaches 40 °C within 20 min at the rate of 1.22 °C/min. Battery heating capacity is evaluated as 764.99 W and HVAC heating capacity is evaluated as 3869.15 W.
- (c)
- The battery out temperature reaches to 40 °C within 10 min at the rate of 2.17 °C/min for the integrated system with serial circuit. The battery and HVAC heating capacities for the integrated system with serial circuit are evaluated as 1025.16 W and 5726.33 W, respectively.
- (d)
- The integrated system with serial circuit enables faster heating performance than the integrated system with parallel circuit for both battery and HVAC. However, the integrated system with parallel circuit enables the tradeoff heating between battery and HVAC at the desired level with the slower rate.
- (e)
- The battery and HVAC heating performances of the integrated system with serial and parallel circuits are accurately predicted using the developed ANN models with back-propagation training algorithm, Levenberg-Marquardt training variant, Tan-sigmoidal transfer function and 20 hidden neurons.
- (f)
- The effects of various operating conditions on the heating performances of battery and HVAC using the proposed integrated system with serial and parallel circuits could be investigated and optimized, to find the optimum point for tradeoff heating of battery and HVAC under various conditions. The extracted results could be used in practical applications such as under cold weather conditions, the extracted optimum point for tradeoff heating of battery and HVAC could successfully achieve the efficient battery and HVAC heating performances of full size commercial electric vehicles with increased driving range and improved battery performance and life. The integrated system with serial circuit could be used for applications where rapid heating of battery or HVAC is needed, whereas the integrated system with parallel circuit could be used for applications where tradeoff simultaneous heating of battery and HVAC is needed. Thus, the proposed integrated system with serial and parallel circuits has the practical applicability to enable rapid, as well as tradeoff heating for both battery and HVAC in electric vehicles.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Specification |
---|---|
Pipe | Material: stainless |
Heater | Type: sheath |
Water pump | Max flow: 25 L/min Max head: 25 m Power voltage: 24 VCD |
Radiator | Applied vehicle: GM Volt Core size: 147 206 28 mm |
HVAC | Applied vehicle: Kona Core size: 152 222 26 mm |
Heater | 510 V, 11.8 A |
Device/Instrument | Accuracy |
---|---|
T-type thermocouple | 0.75% |
DAQ | −200 °C ≤ TS ≤ −100 °C, ± (0.10% of reading) −100 °C ≤ TS ≤ 400 °C, ± (0.10% of reading) |
Flow rate sensor | ±1.50% |
Heater Power | Algorithm | Number of Hidden Neurons | R2 | RMSE | COV | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Battery heating performance | 2 kW | LM-Tan | 10 | 0.999964 | 0.172015 | 0.598317 |
15 | 0.999965 | 0.170036 | 0.591433 | |||
20 | 0.999971 | 0.154166 | 0.536230 | |||
LM-Log | 10 | 0.999962 | 0.176631 | 0.614369 | ||
15 | 0.999965 | 0.170120 | 0.591725 | |||
20 | 0.999968 | 0.163048 | 0.567126 | |||
4 kW | LM-Tan | 10 | 0.999976 | 0.197036 | 0.494352 | |
15 | 0.999978 | 0.189969 | 0.476623 | |||
20 | 0.999979 | 0.183539 | 0.460489 | |||
LM-Log | 10 | 0.999976 | 0.198585 | 0.498239 | ||
15 | 0.999976 | 0.196935 | 0.494101 | |||
20 | 0.999978 | 0.187425 | 0.470238 | |||
6 kW | LM-Tan | 10 | 0.999975 | 0.218650 | 0.514204 | |
15 | 0.999976 | 0.211399 | 0.497152 | |||
20 | 0.999979 | 0.201043 | 0.472796 | |||
LM-Log | 10 | 0.999931 | 0.360343 | 0.847426 | ||
15 | 0.999976 | 0.212566 | 0.499896 | |||
20 | 0.999977 | 0.208056 | 0.489290 | |||
HVAC heating performance | 2 kW | LM-Tan | 10 | 0.786929 | 0.657742 | 46.61972 |
15 | 0.798038 | 0.640366 | 45.38813 | |||
20 | 0.803624 | 0.631449 | 44.75612 | |||
LM-Log | 10 | 0.785127 | 0.660519 | 46.81651 | ||
15 | 0.794651 | 0.645714 | 45.76716 | |||
20 | 0.799947 | 0.637332 | 45.17311 | |||
4 kW | LM-Tan | 10 | 0.955619 | 0.556058 | 21.54665 | |
15 | 0.956040 | 0.553408 | 21.44398 | |||
20 | 0.956737 | 0.549005 | 21.27336 | |||
LM-Log | 10 | 0.954056 | 0.565763 | 21.92271 | ||
15 | 0.955687 | 0.555626 | 21.52991 | |||
20 | 0.956573 | 0.550047 | 21.31374 | |||
6 kW | LM-Tan | 10 | 0.993304 | 0.261362 | 8.409131 | |
15 | 0.993737 | 0.252775 | 8.132854 | |||
20 | 0.994077 | 0.245819 | 7.909049 | |||
LM-Log | 10 | 0.991877 | 0.287864 | 9.291802 | ||
15 | 0.993562 | 0.256273 | 8.245384 | |||
20 | 0.993748 | 0.252538 | 8.125237 |
Heater Power | Algorithm | Number of Hidden Neurons | R2 | RMSE | COV | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Battery heating performance | 2 kW | LM-Tan | 10 | 0.999963 | 0.227245 | 0.612664 |
15 | 0.999966 | 0.220835 | 0.595383 | |||
20 | 0.999970 | 0.205704 | 0.554591 | |||
LM-Log | 10 | 0.999961 | 0.234787 | 0.632999 | ||
15 | 0.999964 | 0.226566 | 0.610835 | |||
20 | 0.999967 | 0.216158 | 0.582773 | |||
4 kW | LM-Tan | 10 | 0.999979 | 0.164997 | 0.463474 | |
15 | 0.999978 | 0.197546 | 0.470634 | |||
20 | 0.999980 | 0.170831 | 0.479862 | |||
LM-Log | 10 | 0.999969 | 0.201567 | 0.566196 | ||
15 | 0.999978 | 0.170591 | 0.479186 | |||
20 | 0.999980 | 0.161314 | 0.453130 | |||
6 kW | LM-Tan | 10 | 0.999972 | 0.198939 | 0.542413 | |
15 | 0.999981 | 0.164124 | 0.447487 | |||
20 | 0.999982 | 0.158077 | 0.431001 | |||
LM-Log | 10 | 0.999967 | 0.214850 | 0.585792 | ||
15 | 0.999975 | 0.188060 | 0.512750 | |||
20 | 0.999981 | 0.161996 | 0.441684 | |||
HVAC heating performance | 2 kW | LM-Tan | 10 | 0.986886 | 0.132118 | 11.59836 |
15 | 0.987196 | 0.130549 | 11.46062 | |||
20 | 0.987539 | 0.128786 | 11.30589 | |||
LM-Log | 10 | 0.986881 | 0.132142 | 11.60054 | ||
15 | 0.987086 | 0.131105 | 11.50950 | |||
20 | 0.987226 | 0.130393 | 11.44697 | |||
4 kW | LM-Tan | 10 | 0.998091 | 0.142413 | 4.463665 | |
15 | 0.998137 | 0.140689 | 4.409637 | |||
20 | 0.998338 | 0.132884 | 4.164997 | |||
LM-Log | 10 | 0.998029 | 0.144687 | 4.534949 | ||
15 | 0.998106 | 0.141871 | 4.446673 | |||
20 | 0.998229 | 0.137182 | 4.299688 | |||
6 kW | LM-Tan | 10 | 0.997789 | 0.144090 | 4.769143 | |
15 | 0.997864 | 0.141669 | 4.688989 | |||
20 | 0.998081 | 0.134271 | 4.444122 | |||
LM-Log | 10 | 0.997779 | 0.144445 | 4.780861 | ||
15 | 0.997815 | 0.143260 | 4.741652 | |||
20 | 0.997894 | 0.140671 | 4.655938 |
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Lim, T.-K.; Garud, K.S.; Seo, J.-H.; Lee, M.-Y.; Lee, D.-Y. Experimental Study on Heating Performances of Integrated Battery and HVAC System with Serial and Parallel Circuits for Electric Vehicle. Symmetry 2021, 13, 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13010093
Lim T-K, Garud KS, Seo J-H, Lee M-Y, Lee D-Y. Experimental Study on Heating Performances of Integrated Battery and HVAC System with Serial and Parallel Circuits for Electric Vehicle. Symmetry. 2021; 13(1):93. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13010093
Chicago/Turabian StyleLim, Taek-Kyu, Kunal Sandip Garud, Jae-Hyeong Seo, Moo-Yeon Lee, and Dong-Yeon Lee. 2021. "Experimental Study on Heating Performances of Integrated Battery and HVAC System with Serial and Parallel Circuits for Electric Vehicle" Symmetry 13, no. 1: 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13010093