A Critical Review of the Implementation of the Seveso III Directive in the Framework of Land-Use Planning: A Comparative Study of Greece, Cyprus, and Slovakia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Land-use planning: Member States must ensure that LUP establishes appropriate safety distances between Seveso establishments and areas sensitive to MAHs (Art. 13, par. 2a and 2b).
- Development control: Development control should ensure that LUP provisions are thoroughly applied, covering new Seveso establishments (par. 1a), modifications to existing ones (par. 1b), and any other developments or modifications near existing Seveso establishments (par. 1c).
- Mitigation of existing MAHs: MAHs may already exist in our cities, stemming from decisions made and environments shaped before the application of the Seveso Directives, and such MAHs need to be mitigated (par. 2c).
- Consultation procedures: Planning authorities must establish effective consultation procedures to facilitate Seveso III Directive objectives, while information on risks from Seveso establishments should be available when decisions are made (par. 3).
3. Results
3.1. The Case of Greece
3.1.1. Overview of the Planning System and Integration of the Directives
3.1.2. Land-Use Planning
3.1.3. Development Control
3.1.4. Mitigation of Existing MAHs
3.1.5. Consultation Procedures
3.2. The Case of Cyprus
3.2.1. Overview of the Planning System and Integration of the Directives
3.2.2. Land-Use Planning
3.2.3. Development Control
3.2.4. Mitigation of Existing MAHs
3.2.5. Consultation Procedures
3.3. The Case of Slovakia
3.3.1. Overview of the Planning System and Integration of the Directives
3.3.2. Land-Use Planning
3.3.3. Development Control
3.3.4. Mitigation of Existing MAHs
- Within the primary protection zone, any existing use must be relocated to a suitable new location;
- Within the safety protection zone, all new development is prohibited, and even modifications to existing buildings are not allowed;
- Within the hygiene protection zone, which extends deeply into the urban fabric, any development of residential, educational, recreational, welfare, or health facilities is prohibited.
3.3.5. Consultation Procedures
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
MAHs | Major Accident Hazards |
LUP | Land-Use Planning |
EEC | European Economic Community |
EU | European Union |
RSPs | Regional Spatial Plans |
EIA | Environmental Impact Assessment |
1 | The registry of the Seveso establishments is available at: https://tinyurl.com/3mwfsmwh (accessed on 27 May 2025). Safety reports are available at: https://tinyurl.com/ypr9mrwm (accessed on 27 May 2025). EIA studies are available at: https://eia.moa.gov.cy/public/index.html#start (accessed on 27 May 2025). |
2 | The Information System for the Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents portal is available at: https://app.sazp.sk/sevesopublic/ (accessed on 27 May 2025). |
References
- UN. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In Proceedings of the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit, New York, NY, USA, 25 September 2015. [Google Scholar]
- UNISDR. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030; United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction: Geneva, Switzerland, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- EC. Council Directive of 24 June 1982 on the Major-Accident Hazards of Certain Industrial Activities (82/501/EEC). Off. J. Eur. Communities 1982, 230, 1–18. [Google Scholar]
- EC. Council Directive of 9 December 1996 on the Control of Major-Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances (Directive 96/82/EC). Off. J. Eur. Communities 1997, 110, 13–33. [Google Scholar]
- EC. Directive of 16 December 2003 Amending Council Directive 96/82/EC on the Control of Major-Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances (Directive 2003/105/EC). Off. J. Eur. Union 2003, 345, 97–105. [Google Scholar]
- EC. Directive of 4 July 2012 on the Control of Major-Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances, Amending and Subsequently Repealing Council Directive 96/82/EC (Directive 2012/18/EU). Off. J. Eur. Union 2012, 197, 1–37. [Google Scholar]
- Laurent, A.; Pey, A.; Gurtel, P.; Fabiano, B. A Critical Perspective on the Implementation of the EU Council Seveso Directives in France, Germany, Italy and Spain. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 2021, 148, 47–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pilone, E.; Demichela, M.; Camuncoli, G. Na-Tech Risk: A New Challenge for Local Planners. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2022, 90, 223–228. [Google Scholar]
- Christou, M.D.; Porter, S. Guidance on Land Use Planning as Required by Council Directive 96/82/EC (Seveso II); Report EUR 18695; Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg, 1999; Available online: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/aa0e7566-f887-4561-9948-8d70ceae7413 (accessed on 27 May 2025).
- Christou, M.D.; Struckl, M.; Biermann, T. Land Use Planning Guidelines in the Context of Article 12 of the Seveso II Directive 96/82/EC as Amended by Directive 105/2003/EC; Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, Hazard Assessment Unit: Ispra, Italy, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Basta, C.; Struckl, M.; Christou, M. Implementing Article 12 of the Seveso II Directive: Overview of Roadmaps for Land-Use Planning in Selected Member States; Office for Official Publications of the European Communities (OPOCE): Luxembourg, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- UNECE. Guidance on Land-Use Planning, the Siting of Hazardous Activities and Related Safety Aspects; United Nations Economic Commission for Europe: Geneva, Switzerland, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Gyenes, Z.; Wood, M.; Struckl, M. Handbook of Scenarios for Assessing Major Chemical Accident Risks; Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Salvi, O.; Caillard, B.; Bolvin, C.; Lheureux, E.; Benjelloun, F. Benchmark of European Practices for Land-Use Planning around Seveso Establishments. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2022, 90, 277–282. [Google Scholar]
- Sales, J.; Wood, M.; Jelínek, R. Risk Mapping of Industrial Hazards in New Member States; Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Walker, G.P. Land Use Planning and Industrial Hazards: A Role for the European Community. Land Use Policy 1991, 8, 227–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papazoglou, I.A.; Nivolianitou, Z.S.; Bonanos, G.S. Land Use Planning Policies Stemming from the Implementation of the SEVESO-II Directive in the EU. J. Hazard. Mater. 1998, 61, 345–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, G.; Mooney, J.; Pratts, D. The People and the Hazard: The Spatial Context of Major Accident Hazard Management in Britain. Appl. Geogr. 2000, 20, 119–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laheij, G.M.H.; Post, J.G.; Ale, B.J.M. Standard Methods for Land-Use Planning to Determine the Effects on Societal Risk. J. Hazard. Mater. 2000, 71, 269–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salvi, O.; Gaston, D. Risk Assessment in Decision Making Related to Land-Use Planning (LUP) as Required by the Seveso II Directive. In Proceedings of the International ESMG Symposium, Nuremberg, Germany, 8–10 October 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Caragliano, S.; Manca, D. Emergency Management and Land Use Planning in Industrial Hazardous Areas: Learning from an Italian Experience. J. Contingencies Crisis Manag. 2007, 15, 194–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Basta, C.; Neuvel, J.M.; Zlatanova, S.; Ale, B. Risk-Maps Informing Land-Use Planning Processes: A Survey on the Netherlands and the United Kingdom Recent Developments. J. Hazard. Mater. 2007, 145, 241–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kontić, D.; Kontić, B. Introduction of Threat Analysis into the Land-Use Planning Process. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 163, 683–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sebos, I.; Progiou, A.; Symeonidis, P.; Ziomas, I. Land-Use Planning in the Vicinity of Major Accident Hazard Installations in Greece. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 179, 901–910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Camuncoli, G.; Pilone, E.; Demichela, M. Major Risk Installations and Land Use Planning: Application of the Local Authority Guidelines in Piedmont (Italy). Chem. Eng. Trans. 2012, 26, 423–428. [Google Scholar]
- Camuncoli, G.; Demichela, M.; Pilone, E. The Impact of Local Regulations on Land Use Planning for Seveso Sites: SMEs Perspective. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2013, 32, 475–480. [Google Scholar]
- Demichela, M.; Pilone, E.; Camuncoli, G. Land Use Planning around Major Risk Installations: From EC Directives to Local Regulations in Italy. Land Use Policy 2014, 38, 657–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Delvosalle, C.; Robert, B.; Nourry, J.; Yan, G.; Brohez, S.; Delcourt, J. Considering Critical Infrastructures in the Land Use Planning Policy around Seveso Plants. Saf. Sci. 2017, 97, 27–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sebos, I.; Progiou, A.; Ziomas, I. Vulnerability Assessment of Land-Use Types with Respect to Major Accident Hazards. Environ. Eng. Manag. J. 2017, 16, 1991–1999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Török, Z.; Mereuță, P.-M.R.M.A.; Maloș, C.V.; Arghiuș, V.I.; Ozunu, A. Analysis of Territorial Compatibility for Seveso-Type Sites Using Different Risk Assessment Methods and GIS Technique. Land Use Policy 2020, 95, 103837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Markiewicz, M. A Researcher’s View on the Proposal of Legal Regulations Regarding Major Accident Hazard Assessment in the Land-Use Planning Process in Poland. Geomat. Environ. Eng. 2020, 14, 41–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leordean, R.; Török, Z.; Maloș, C.V.; Ozunu, A.; Senzaconi, F. Comparative Study on Land-Use Planning Methodologies Based on Physical Effects, Consequence and Risk Analysis for Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer Production Facilities. Environ. Eng. Manag. J. 2023, 22, 1491–1501. [Google Scholar]
- Kakia, S.; Pozoukidou, G.; Vagiona, D. Providing an Integrated Vulnerability Assessment Indicator System (VAIS) to Measure the Spatial Vulnerability of Areas near Seveso Establishments in Thessaloniki (Greece). Sustainability 2023, 15, 2303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarigiannis, D.G.A.; Sarigiannis, K.S. Industrial Contamination and Health in Greece. In Proceedings of the Industrially Contaminated Sites and Health Network (ICSHNet, COST Action IS1408), Rome, Italy, 1–2 October2016. [Google Scholar]
- Leontidou, E.; Boustras, G. Occupational Health and Safety in Cyprus: A Historical Overview. Saf. Sci. 2022, 145, 105474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hollá, K.Z. Development of SEVESO directive and its implementation in the Slovak Republic in the area of prevention major industrial accidents. In Proceedings of the 13th WSEAS International Conference on Mathematical and Computational Methods in Science and Engineering; World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS): Stevens Point, WI, USA, 2011; Volume 5, pp. 171–175. [Google Scholar]
- Holla, K.; Ristvej, J.; Moricova, V.; Novak, L. Results of survey among SEVESO establishments in the Slovak Republic. J. Chem. Health Saf. 2016, 23, 9–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dvorak, Z.; Leitner, B.; Ballay, M.; Mocova, L.; Fuchs, P. Environmental impact modeling for transportation of hazardous liquids. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holla, K. Lessons learned from the implementation of the SEVESO III directive in the Slovak Republic. Saf. Secur. Eng. VII 2018, 174, 25. [Google Scholar]
- Mäkká, K.; Kampová, K.; Loveček, T.; Petrlová, K. An environmental risk assessment of filling stations using the principles of security management. A case study in the Slovak Republic. Sustainability 2021, 13, 12452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grežo, H.; Močko, M.; Izsoff, M.; Vrbičanová, G.; Petrovič, F.; Straňák, J.; Machar, I. Flood risk assessment for the long-term strategic planning considering the placement of industrial parks in Slovakia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polorecká, M.; Cidlinová, A. Specialist Education and Methods Used in the Working Risk Assessment in the Small Enterprises and Micro Companies in the Slovak Republic and Czech Republic. In Proceedings of the 15th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Online, 8–9 March 2021; pp. 10447–10454. [Google Scholar]
- Kubas, J.; Polorecka, M.; Holla, K.; Soltes, V.; Kelisek, A.; Strachota, S.; Maly, S. Use of toxic substance release modelling as a tool for prevention planning in border areas. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lada, A.; Manos, E. Overview of the Planning System of Greece; ARL—Academy for Territorial Development in the Leibniz Association: Hannover, Germany, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Pissourios, I.A.; Serghides, C. Overview of the Planning System of Cyprus; ARL—Academy for Territorial Development in the Leibniz Association: Hannover, Germany, 2023. [Google Scholar]
- Finka, M.; Jamecny, L. Country Profile of Slovakia; ARL Country Profiles: Hannover, Germany, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Newman, P.; Thornley, A. Urban Planning in Europe: International Competition, National Systems and Planning Projects; Routledge: London, UK, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Dembski, S.; O’Brien, P. The Quest for Certainty: Introducing Zoning into a Discretionary System in England and the European Experience. Raumforsch. Raumordn. Spat. Res. Plan. 2023, 81, 579–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaššo, M.; Finka, M. The Role of Leadership in the Current Contexts of Central European Planning Culture. In The Role of Public Sector in Local Economic and Territorial Development. Innovation in Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 131–159. [Google Scholar]
- Janin Rivolin, U. Global crisis and the systems of spatial governance and planning: A European comparison. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2017, 25, 994–1012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giannakourou, G. The Europeanization of National Planning: Explaining the Causes and the Potentials of Change. Plan. Pract. Res. 2012, 27, 117–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gemenetzi, G. Restructuring Local-Level Spatial Planning in Greece amid the Recession and the Recovery Period: Trends and Challenges. Plan. Pract. Res. 2022, 38, 564–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gemenetzi, G. Exploring the Dual Role of the State in Post-Crisis Project-Led Planning Practice in Greece: Over-Regulator or Enabler? Plan. Pract. Res. 2024, 1–15. Available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02697459.2024.2354117 (accessed on 27 May 2025). [CrossRef]
- Giannakourou, G. Transforming Spatial Planning Policy in Mediterranean Countries: Europeanization and Domestic Change. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2005, 13, 319–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wassenhoven, L. Compromise Planning: A Theoretical Approach from a Distant Corner of Europe; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Gourgiotis, A.; Tsilimigkas, G. Spatial Planning in Greece: Framework critical review, challenges and perspectives. Plan. Pract. Res. 2024, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Asprogerakas, E.; Zachari, V. The EU Territorial Cohesion Discourse and the Spatial Planning System in Greece. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2020, 28, 583–603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janin Rivolin, U. Planning systems as institutional technologies: A proposed conceptualization and the implications for comparison. Plan. Pract. Res. 2012, 27, 63–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berisha, E.; Cotella, G.; Janin Rivolin, U.; Solly, A. Spatial governance and planning systems and the public control of spatial development: A European typology. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2020, 29, 181–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ziomas, I. Industrial Hazards and Spatial Planning. Final Report; Research Programme of the School of Chemical Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens: Athens, Greece, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Booth, P. Planning by Consent, the Origins and Nature of British Development Control; Routledge: London, UK, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Republic of Cyprus. The Town and Country Planning Law; Republic of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus, 2023.
- Ioannides, K. A Brief Review of the Evolution of Planning in Cyprus from the End of World War II to the Present. In The Cypriot City Paradigm: Urbanity Issues in Design and Planning; Domes: Athens, Greece, 2018; pp. 48–73. [Google Scholar]
- DTPH. Citizen’s Map on the Planning System; Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus, 2009.
- Council of Ministers. Regulations on the Management of Major Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances of 2001; Regulatory Administrative Act 507/2001; Republic of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus, 2001.
- Council of Ministers. Regulations on the Management of Major Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances of 2006; Regulatory Administrative Act 49/2006; Republic of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus, 2006.
- Council of Ministers. Regulations on the Management of Major Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances of 2015; Regulatory Administrative Act 347/2015; Republic of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus, 2015.
- Council of Ministers. Town and Country Planning Regulations (Accidents Associated to Hazardous Substances) of 2003; Regulatory Administrative Act 759/2003; Republic of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus, 2003.
- Council of Ministers. Town and Country Planning Regulations (Accidents Associated to Hazardous Substances) of 2017; Regulatory Administrative Act 76/2017; Republic of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus, 2017.
- Council of Ministers. Town and Country Planning Regulations (Accidents Associated to Hazardous Substances) of 2008; Regulatory Administrative Act 399/2008; Republic of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus, 2008.
- DTPH. Local Plan of Pafos; Department of Town Planning and Housing, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus, 2013.
- DTPH. Local Plan of Tseri; Department of Town Planning and Housing, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus, 2021.
- DLI. Guidelines for the Development of Uses Located Close to Existing Installations or New Installations That Are Regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health at Work (Response to Major Accident Hazards Associated with Hazardous Substances) Regulations; Department of Labour Inspection, Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance, Republic of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus, 2019.
- House of Representatives. Answer on 26 November 2019, by the Minister of the Interior, Mr. Constantinos Petrides, to the Question No. 23.06.011.04.087 on 20 September 2019, by Larnaca’s Representative Mrs. Evanthia Savva; House of Representatives, Republic of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus, 2019.
- Poten and Partners; ALA Planning Partnership Consultancy. Master Plan of the Vasilikos Area (Update, Volume 1); Ministry of Energy, Commerce, Industry and Tourism: Nicosia, Cyprus, 2013.
- Hydrocarbons Service. Master Plan for the Vasilikos Area. 2022. Available online: https://tinyurl.com/yzy6b67e (accessed on 5 November 2023).
- Konstanta, K. The Mari Explosion in Cyprus 2011–A Crisis Communication Case Study. Limassol Today. 2022. Available online: https://limassoltoday.com.cy/stiles/alt-text/the-mari-explosion-in-cyprus-2011-a-crisis-communication-case-study/ (accessed on 27 May 2025).
- Kyprianidou-Leontidou, T. The tragic memories of July and the lessons from the explosion at Mari. Newsl. Tech. Sci. Chamb. Cyprus 2024, 290, 6. (In Greek) [Google Scholar]
- Council of Ministers. Safety and Health at Work (Control of Major Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations of 2024; Regulatory Administrative Act 269/2024; Republic of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus, 2024.
- Faludi, A. A Decision-Centred View of Environmental Planning. In Urban and Regional Planning Series; Pergamon Press: Oxford, UK, 1987; Volume 38. [Google Scholar]
- National Council. Law No. 128/2015 on Major Industrial Accident Prevention; National Council of Slovakia Republic: Bratislava, Slovakia, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Hollá, K.; Polorecká, M.; Kubás, J.; Ballay, M. Validity of the Seveso II and III Directive in the EU. Transp. Res. Procedia 2021, 55, 1506–1513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- National Council. Law No. 200/2022 on Urban Planning; National Council of Slovakia Republic: Bratislava, Slovakia, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Ministry of the Environment (ME). Territorial Planning and Permitting Activities around Existing and Proposed Seveso Enterprises; Ministry of the Environment of Slovakia Republic: Bratislava, Slovakia, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Slovak Environment Agency (SEA). Prevention of Serious Industrial Accidents; Slovak Environment Agency (SEA): Bratislava, Slovakia, 2024. (In Slovak) [Google Scholar]
- National Council. Law No. 24/2006 on Environmental Impact Assessment; National Council of Slovakia Republic: Bratislava, Slovakia, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Gregor, J. Campaign to Relocate Slovnaft Refinery outside Bratislava (Blog Post). 2008. Available online: https://blog.sme.sk/jangregor/ekonomika/kampan-za-vystahovanie-slovnaftu-mimo-bratislavy (accessed on 27 May 2025).
- Ekoforum. Petition of Residents Living in the Vicinity of Slovnaft, Who Are Directly Affected by the Constant Noise and Smell from Slovnaft. 2018. Available online: https://ekoforum.sk/peticia/slovnaft (accessed on 27 May 2025).
- Aktuality. The Coalition Is Debating the Relocation of the Slovnaft Refinery from Bratislava. 2021. Available online: https://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/804817/v-koalicii-sa-rozbieha-debata-o-vystahovani-rafinerie-slovnaftu-z-bratislavy/ (accessed on 5 November 2023).
- Sybera, A. Slovak Refinery Slovnaft Wants Prolongation of Exemption from Russian Oil Embargo. Newsbase, 30 August 2023. [Google Scholar]
- Newsroom. Slovnaft’s Refinery in Bratislava Is Now in Full Operation. CE Energy News, 16 August 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Hollá, K. Adapting the Directive SEVESO III in the Slovak Enterprises and Identifying Problem Areas during the Years 2013–2017. MATEC Web Conf. 2018, 210, 02020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gemenetzi, G.; Pissourios, I.; Lainas, I. Spatial Planning within the Framework of Directive Seveso III: A Comparative Study between Greece and Cyprus. Aeihoros 2023, 38, 29–63. (In Greek) [Google Scholar]
Studies/Countries | Italy | France | Netherlands | Greece | UK | Germany | Slovenia | Romania | Spain | Belgium | Austria | Luxembourg | Poland |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Walker, 1991 [16] | ○ | ○ | ○ | ||||||||||
Papazoglou et al., 1998 [17] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Walker et al., 2000 [18] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Laheij et al., 2000 [19] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Salvi and Gaston, 2002 [20] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Caragliano and Manca, 2007 [21] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Basta et al., 2007 [22] | ○ | ○ | |||||||||||
Basta et al., 2008 [11] | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ||||||||
Kontić and Kontić, 2009 [23] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Sebos et al., 2010 [24] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Camuncoli et al., 2012 [25] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Camuncoli et al., 2013 [26] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Demichela et al., 2014 [27] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Delvosalle et al., 2017 [28] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Sebos et al., 2017 [29] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Török et al., 2020 [30] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Markiewicz, 2020 [31] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Laurent et al., 2021 [7] | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||||||||
Salvi et al., 2022 [14] | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||
Leordean et al., 2023 [32] | ○ | ||||||||||||
Kakia et al., 2023 [33] | ○ |
Land-Use Planning | Development Control | Mitigation of Existing MAHs | Consultation Procedures | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Consistency | ○ | ○ | ||
Proportionality | ○ | |||
Transparency | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Municipality of Echedoros | Municipality of Kallithea | |
---|---|---|
Development of a new Seveso establishment | Prohibited | Permitted |
Modification of an existing Seveso establishment | Permitted, only if the modification reduces, among other factors, the impact on the surrounding area in the event of a major accident | Permitted within the plot of the establishment, regardless of compatibility with current land uses |
Requirement for a comprehensive study of Seveso establishments within the study area | Yes, to be completed within the next 5 years | No |
Greece | Cyprus | Slovakia | |
---|---|---|---|
Land-use planning | Fragmented integration | Strong integration | Adequate integration |
|
|
| |
Development control | Partially adequate | Adequate | Partially adequate |
Development of a new Seveso establishment |
|
|
|
Modification to the existing Seveso establishment |
|
|
|
Development/modification of another type of establishment near the existing Seveso |
|
|
|
Mitigation of existing MAHs | Inadequate mitigation | Full mitigation | Inadequate mitigation |
|
|
| |
Consultation procedures | Inadequate | Well-established | Well-established |
|
|
|
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Pissourios, I.; Gemenetzi, G.; Husár, M. A Critical Review of the Implementation of the Seveso III Directive in the Framework of Land-Use Planning: A Comparative Study of Greece, Cyprus, and Slovakia. Land 2025, 14, 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14061194
Pissourios I, Gemenetzi G, Husár M. A Critical Review of the Implementation of the Seveso III Directive in the Framework of Land-Use Planning: A Comparative Study of Greece, Cyprus, and Slovakia. Land. 2025; 14(6):1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14061194
Chicago/Turabian StylePissourios, Ioannis, Georgia Gemenetzi, and Milan Husár. 2025. "A Critical Review of the Implementation of the Seveso III Directive in the Framework of Land-Use Planning: A Comparative Study of Greece, Cyprus, and Slovakia" Land 14, no. 6: 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14061194
APA StylePissourios, I., Gemenetzi, G., & Husár, M. (2025). A Critical Review of the Implementation of the Seveso III Directive in the Framework of Land-Use Planning: A Comparative Study of Greece, Cyprus, and Slovakia. Land, 14(6), 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14061194