Economic Valuation of Mangroves and a Linear Mixed Model-Assisted Framework for Identifying Its Main Drivers: A Case Study in Benin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Economic Value Estimation
- Household economic value per group of ESs (HEVG)
- Economic value per group of ESs
2.3.2. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Ecosystem Services (ESs) from Mangroves in Benin
3.2. The Monetary Value of Each Category of Service and the Global Annual Wealth
3.3. Drivers of Mangroves’ Economic Value
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Samonte-Tan, G. Economic Values of Coral Reefs, Mangroves, and Seagrasses: A Global Compilation 2008; Conservation International: Arlington, VA, USA, 2008; 23p, Available online: https://oceanfdn.org/sites/default/files/Conservation%20International.%20Economic%20value%20coral%20reef%20mangrove%20seagrass-.pdf (accessed on 20 January 2023).
- Ribeiro, R.A.; Rovai, A.S.; Twilley, R.R.; Castaneda-Moya, E. Spatial variability of mangrove primary productivity in the neotropics. Ecosphere 2019, 10, e02841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amjad, S.; Rasheed, M.A.; Baig, M.A. Mangrove Ecosystem Services: Indus Delta (PQA), Sindh. J. Geosci. Environ. Prot. 2016, 4, 179–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Atkinson, S.C.; Jupiter, S.D.; Adams, V.M.; Ingram, J.C.; Narayan, S.; Klein, C.J.; Possingham, H.P. Prioritising Mangrove Ecosystem Services Results in Spatially Variable Management Priorities. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0151992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarhan, M.; Tawfik, R. The Economic Valuation of Mangrove Forest Ecosystem Services: Implications for Protected Area Conservation. 2018. Available online: http://www.georgewright.org/353sarhan.pdf (accessed on 20 January 2023).
- Eleanya, K.; Agbeja, B.; Ijeomah, H. Socio-Economic Importance of Mangrove Forests in Akassa Island of Niger Delta, Nigeria. Prod. Agric. Technol. 2015, 11, 1–11. [Google Scholar]
- IUCN. Mangrove Reforestation for Food Security Engaging Communities in Northern Viet Nam. 2015. Available online: https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/20161021_viet-nam-flr-food-security-factsheet_web.pdf (accessed on 21 May 2019).
- Karanja, J.M.; Saito, O. Cost-benefit analysis of mangrove ecosystems in flood risk reduction: A case study of the Tana Delta, Kenya. Sustain. Sci. 2018, 13, 503–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polidoro, B.; Carpenter, K.; Collins, L.; Duke, N.; Ellison, A.M.; Ellison, J.; Farnsworth, E.J.; Fernando, E.; Kandasamy, K.; Koedam, N.; et al. The Loss of Species: Mangrove Extinction Risk and Geographic Areas of Global Concern. PLoS ONE 2010, 5, e10095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mukherjee, N.; Sutherland, W.J.; Dicks, L.; Hugé, J.; Koedam, N.; Dahdouh-Guebas, F. Ecosystem service valuations of mangrove ecosystems to inform decision-making and future valuation exercises. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e107706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spaninks, F.; Van Beukering, P.J.H. Economic Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystems: Potential and Limitations; CREED Working Paper No 14; Institute for Environmental Studies: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1997; 54p. [Google Scholar]
- Brander, M.L.; Wagtendonk, J.A.; Hussain, S.; McVittie, A.; Verburg, P.H.; de Groot, R.S.; van der Ploeg, S. Ecosystem service values for mangroves in Southeast Asia: A meta-analysis and value transfer application. Ecosyst. Serv. 2012, 1, 62–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buckwell, A.; Fleming, C.; James, S.; Mackey, B.; Ware, D.; Hallgren, W.; Sahin, O.; Nalau, J. Valuing aggregated ecosystem services at a national and regional scale for Vanuatu using a remotely operable, rapid assessment methodology. In Proceedings of the Name of the Australian Agricultural and Resources Economics Society, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 February 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Nguyen, H.T.; Do, V.N.; Nguyen, T.M.; Le, X.T.; Phan, H.A.; Nguyen, H.T.; Nguyen, K.C.; Le, H.G. Valuation of the Mangrove Ecosystem in Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve; Vietnam, MAB/UNESCO; The Vietnam MAB National Committee: Hanoi, Vietnam, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Satyanarayana, B.; Bhanderi, P.; Debry, M.; Maniatis, D.; Foré, F.; Badgie, D.; Jammeh, K.; Vanwing, T.; Farcy, C.; Koedam, N.; et al. A Socio-Ecological Assessment Aiming at Improved Forest Resource Management and Sustainable Ecotourism Development in the Mangroves of Tanbi Wetland National Park, The Gambia, West Africa. AMBIO 2012, 41, 513–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ajonina, G.N.; Agardy, T.; Lau, W.; Agbogah, K.; Gormey, B. Mangrove Conditions as Indicator for Potential Payment for Ecosystem Services in Some Estuaries of Western Region of Ghana, West Africa. In The Land/Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone of West and Central Africa, Estuaries of the World; Diop, S., Barusseau, J.-P., Descamps, C., Eds.; Springer International Publishin: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2014; pp. 151–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holland, P. Economic Dimensions of Improved Meteorological Services in the Pacific. SPC SOPAC Published Report PR185, SPC Applied Geoscience and Technology Division, France. 2014. Available online: https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=6387 (accessed on 20 January 2023).
- Himes-Cornell, A.; Grose, S.O.; Pendleton, L. Mangrove Ecosystem Service Values and Methodological Approaches to Valuation: Where Do We Stand? Front. Mar. Sci. 2018, 5, 376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vo, Q.T.; Kuenzer, C.; Vo, Q.M.; Moder, F.; Oppelt, N. Review of valuation methods for mangrove ecosystem services. Ecol. Indic. 2012, 23, 431–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbier, E.B. Tropical Wetland Values and Environmental Functions. In Biodiversity Conservation; Perrings, C.A., Mäler, K.-G., Folke, C., Holling, C.S., Jansson, B.-O., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1995; pp. 147–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costanza, R.; de Groot, R.; Sutton, P.; van der Ploeg, S.; Anderson, S.J.; Kubiszewski, I.; Farber, S.; Turner, R.K. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2014, 26, 152–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salem, M.E.; Mercer, D.E. The Economic Value of Mangroves: A Meta-Analysis. Sustainability 2012, 4, 359–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costanza, R.; de Groot, R.; Braat, L.; Kubiszewski, I.; Fioramonti, L.; Sutton, P.; Farber, S.; Grasso, M. Twenty years of ecosystem services: How far have we come, and how far do we still need to go? Ecosyst. Serv. 2017, 28, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costanza, R.; d’Arge, R.; de Groot, R.; Farber, S.; Grasso, M.; Hannon, B.; Limburg, K.; Naeem, S.; O’Neill, R.V.; Paruelo, J.; et al. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 1997, 387, 253–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spalding, M.; Kainuma, M.; Collins, L. World Atlas of Mangroves; Routledge: London, UK, 2010; 336p. [Google Scholar]
- Dagnelie, P. Statistique Théorique et Appliquée; De Boeck & Larcier: Bruxelles, Belgium, 2011; Volume 2, 659p. [Google Scholar]
- Greenewald, K.; Bastian, O. Ecosystem Services–Concept, Methods, and Case Studies; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2015; ISBN 978-3-662-44143-5. [Google Scholar]
- Bann, C. A Contingent Valuation of the Mangroves of Benut, Johor State Forestry Department/DANCED/Darudec, Malaysia. Available online: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=6d3595a787bc7261ef1164efe4d03f3e3bb1f64f (accessed on 30 March 2020).
- Bryan, T.; Virdin, J.; Vegh, T.; Kot, C.I.; Cleary, J.; Halpin, P.N. Blue carbon conservation in West Africa: A first assessment of feasibility. J. Coast. Conserv. 2020, 24, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goldstein, A.; Neyland, E. Converging at the Crossroads State of the Forest Carbon Finance 2015; Forest Trends’ Ecosystem Marketplace: Washington, DC, USA, 2015; pp. 1–41. [Google Scholar]
- Croitoru, L.; Miranda, J.J.; Sarraf, M.; Doumani, W.F.; Lee, J.J. The Cost of Coastal Degradation in West Africa: Benin, Cote d’Ivoire, Senegal, and Togo. Available online: https://www.wacaprogram.org/sites/waca/files/knowdoc/Cost-of-Coastal-Degradation-in-West-Africa-March-2019.pdf (accessed on 20 January 2023).
- Husson, F.; Josse, J.; Le, S.; Mazet, J. FactoMineR: A Package for Multivariate Analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 2020, 251, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bates, D.; Maechler, M.; Bolker, M.; Walker, S. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 2015, 67, 1–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Malik, A.; Fensholt, R.; Mertz, O. Mangrove exploitation affects biodiversity and ecosystem services. Biodivers. Conserv. 2018, 24, 3543–3557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dencer-Brown, A.; Alfaro, A.; Milne, S.; Perrott, J. A Review on Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services, and Perceptions of New Zealand’s Mangroves: Can We Make Informed Decisions about Their Removal? Resources 2018, 7, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gnanssounou, S.C.; Sagoe, A.A.; Mattah, P.A.D.; Salako, K.V.; Aheto, D.W.; Glèlè Kakaï, R. Mangrove Ecosystem Services, Associated Threats and Implications for Wellbeing in the Mono Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (Togo-Benin), West-Africa. Sustainability 2022, 30, 2438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dossou-Yovo, H.O.; Vodouhè, F.G.; Sinsin, B. Ethnobotanical survey of mangrove plant species used as medicine from Ouidah to grand-popo districts, Southern Benin. Am. J. Ethnomed. 2017, 4, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aye, W.N.; Yali, W.; Kim, M.; Shivaraj, T.; Aung, W.T. Contribution of mangrove forest to the livelihood of local communities in Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. Forests 2019, 10, 414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vinoth, R.; Kumaravel, S.; Ranganathan, R. Therapeutic and traditional uses of mangrove plants. Drug Deliv. Ther. 2019, 9, 849–854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spalding, M.; Parrett, C.L. Global patterns in mangrove recreation and tourism. Mar. Policy 2019, 110, 103540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Economic Analysis of Mangrove Forests: A Case Study in Gazi Bay, Kenya; UNEP: Nairobi, Kenya, 2011; 42p, ISBN 978-92-807-3187. [Google Scholar]
- Romañach, S.S.; DeAngelis, D.L.; Koh, H.L.; Li, Y.; Teh, S.Y.; Barizan, R.S.R.; Zhai, L. Conservation and restoration of mangroves: Global status, perspectives, and Prognosis. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2018, 154, 72–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United Nations (UN). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations General Assembly October 2015, A/RES/70/1. Volume 21. Available online: http://www.refworld.org/docid/57b6e3e44.html (accessed on 11 January 2022).
- Lal, P.N. Conservation or Conversion of Mangroves in Fiji: An Ecological, Economic Analysis; Occasional Paper; Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center: Honolulu, HI, USA, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Cabrera, M.; Seijo, J.C.; Euán, J.; Pérez, E. Economic values of ecological services from a Mangrove ecosystem. Intercoast Netw. 1998, 32, 1–2. [Google Scholar]
- Barbier, E.B. Valuing the environment as input: A review of applications to mangrove-fishery linkages. Ecol. Econ. 2000, 35, 47–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baig, S.P.; Iftikhar, U.A. Are the Mangroves for the Future? Empirical Evidence of the Value of Miani Hor Mangrove Ecosystem as the Basis for Investments; IUCN-The World Conservation Union: Gland, Switzerland, 2005; 33p. [Google Scholar]
- Nchimbi, A.A.; Lyimo, L.D. Socioeconomic Determinants of Mangrove Exploitation and Seagrass Degradation in Zanzibar: Implications for Sustainable Development. J. Mar. Sci. 2019, 7684924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Nature of the Service | Ecosystem Services | Category of the Service | Valuation Approach | Valuation Method | Description of the Method | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct use | Firewood | Provisioning | Market valuation | Market price | The market price of the good/substitute | [18,22,23,27] |
Timber | ||||||
Branches for “Acadja” | ||||||
Fodder | ||||||
Handicraft (dyes to colour nets) | ||||||
Fisheries | ||||||
Crab collection | ||||||
Oyster collection | ||||||
Shrimp collection | ||||||
Hunting (snakes, varan, etc.) | ||||||
Ecotourism | Cultural and amenity services | Revealed preference | Travel cost | Direct and opportunity costs of time of visitors | [18,21] | |
Worship | Contingent valuation | Willingness to pay | [12,28] | |||
Education | Meta-regression analysis | Values from the literature and case studies in Africa | [12,22] | |||
Research | Values from African case studies and research interviews (Laboratory of Applied Ecology, Inspection forestière, etc.) | [12,28] | ||||
Indirect Use | Carbon sequestration | Regulation | Market valuation | Market price | Price of the service | [10,12] |
Air purification | Opportunity cost | Costs that could be used to pay for other purification techniques | [12,22,28] | |||
Water purification | Opportunity cost | Costs that could be used to pay for other purification techniques | [8,12,21,28] | |||
Temperature regulation | Opportunity cost | Cost of other micro-climate cooling systems | [8,12,28] | |||
Waste treatment | Opportunity cost | Costs that could be used to pay for other water cleaning techniques | [8,12,28] | |||
Shoreline protection (flood | Opportunity cost and damage-avoid cost method | Costs that are avoided through their existence: e.g., wall construction costs and repairing damage that floods could cause to households if mangroves were not present | [8] | |||
Pollination | Habitat | Market valuation | Market price | Contribution of the ES to the delivery of other marketable goods/service | [12,22] | |
Apiculture | Market price, production function | Contribution of the ES to the delivery of other marketable goods/service | [12,22] | |||
Aquaculture | Market price, production function | Contribution of the ES to the delivery of other marketable goods/service | [12,22] | |||
Nursery ground for fish | Production function | Contribution of the ES to the delivery of other marketable goods/service | [12,22] | |||
Non-use | Biodiversity host | Stated preference | Contingent valuation | Willingness to pay | [12,28] | |
Existence | Cultural and amenity services | Value transfer | Benefit transfer | Transfer of benefits from a policy site to the study site | [12,28] | |
Bequest | [23,28] |
Group | ESs | Citation Rate (%) | Citation Rank |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Existence | 93.6 | 1 |
Presence | 92 | 2 | |
Biodiversity host | 79.9% | 6 | |
2 | Fish | 89.3 | 3 |
Water crabs | 83.2 | 4 | |
Shrimp | 72.5 | 9 | |
Oysters | 35.6 | 21 | |
3 | Firewood | 79.9 | 5 |
Wood manufacturing | 71.5 | 12 | |
“Acadja” | 69.8 | 13 | |
4 | Shoreline protection | 44 | 19 |
5 | Carbon sequestration | 15.1 | 27 |
6 | Ecotourism | 72.2 | 11 |
Research | 67.1 | 16 | |
Education | 52.7 | 17 | |
7 | Temperature regulation | 76.2 | 7 |
Water purification | 44.3 | 18 | |
Waste treatment | 15.1 | 28 | |
Air purification | 72.5 | 10 | |
8 | Craft | 39.3 | 20 |
Folders | 30.2 | 23 | |
Medicine | 1.3 | 29 | |
9 | Nursery ground | 72.8 | 8 |
Pollination | 69.2 | 14 | |
Hunting | 19.1 | 24 | |
Bush crabs | 68.8 | 15 | |
Apiculture | 18.5 | 25 | |
Aquaculture | 33.9 | 22 | |
10 | Worship | 15.8 | 26 |
Groups | Abomey-Calavi | Aguégués | Sèmé-Kpodji | Porto-Novo | Comé | Bopa | Grand Popo | Ouidah | Kpomassè | Sô Awa | Mean EV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | 1148 | 98 | 113 | 310 | 174 | 7 | 3 | 243 | 122 | 82 | 230.0 |
Group 2 | 21330 | 1451 | 6012 | 7347 | 8778 | 1170 | 679 | 10,807 | 3235 | 7016 | 6782.5 |
Group 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Group 4 | 3217 | 9650 | 3217 | 3217 | 4825 | 6433 | 643 | 1930 | 4825 | 4825 | 7173.2 |
Group 5 | 1820 | 1820 | 1820 | 1820 | 1820 | 1820 | 1820 | 1820 | 1820 | 1820 | 1820 |
Group 6 | 112,289 | 85,174 | 95,733 | 90,454 | 47,299 | 24,125 | 18,364 | 49,156 | 18,913 | 52,370 | 59,387.7 |
Group 7 | 230,828 | 31,482 | 39,056 | 152,138 | 31,624 | 764 | 100 | 620,723 | 12,850 | 33,284 | 115,284.9 |
Group 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 132 | 0 | 0 | 13.2 |
Group 9 | 6333 | 178 | 33,571 | 92 | 1059 | 196 | 112 | 883 | 394 | 1733 | 4455.1 |
Group 10 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 413 | 254 | 0.07 | 0.78 | 24 | 29 | 20 | 77.09 |
Total | 195,223.69 |
df | Chi2 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | 1 | 1.8282 | 0.176340 |
Age | 1 | 0.4892 | 0.484271 |
Years of residence | 1 | 0.1536 | 0.695165 |
Marital status | 4 | 0.9542 | 0.916655 |
Ethnicity | 8 | 0.6712 | 0.999595 |
Religion | 4 | 5.0551 | 0.281694 |
Education | 6 | 0.9136 | 0.988676 |
Household size | 1 | 3.7667 | 0.052284. |
Main activity | 2 | 1.0343 | 0.596205 |
Years of fishery | 1 | 1.9731 | 0.160117 |
Fishery type | 3 | 4.6484 | 0.199433 |
Secondary activity | 4 | 0.7695 | 0.942491 |
Income source | 6 | 9.6597 | 0.139735 |
Management stakeholder | 3 | 12.7043 | 0.005322 ** |
Conservation training | 3 | 0.0578 | 0.996366 |
Public awareness | 1 | 0.0144 | 0.904362 |
Private awareness | 1 | 0.0928 | 0.760656 |
RMSE | 3891.228 |
Estimate | Standard Error | T Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 3738.78 | 7152.75 | 0.52 |
Sex | 2607.35 | 1928.35 | 1.35 |
Age | −20.21 | 28.89 | −0.70 |
Years of residence | 8.11 | 20.7 | 0.39 |
Marital status | −4328.68 | 4909.86 | −0.88 |
Ethnicity | 2136.58 | 5234.09 | 0.41 |
Religion | 2749.38 | 3659.17 | −0.64 |
Education | 507.90 | 3178.99 | 0.16 |
Household size | −128.759 | 66.34 | −1.94 |
Main activity | 884.56 | 3447.00 | 0.26 |
Years of fishery | 42.41 | 30.19 | 1.40 |
Fishery type | 1595.58 | 1030.55 | 1.55 |
Secondary activity | 1874.20 | 3287.88 | 0.57 |
Income source | 939.155 | 1404.726 | 0.669 |
Management stakeholder | −4730.83 | 2573.98 | −1.84 |
Conservation training | 436.12 | 3562.89 | 0.12 |
Public awareness | −30.30 | 252.196 | −0.12 |
Private awareness | −23.24 | 76.31 | −0.31 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sinsin, C.B.L.; Bonou, A.; Salako, K.V.; Gbedomon, R.C.; Glèlè Kakaï, R.L. Economic Valuation of Mangroves and a Linear Mixed Model-Assisted Framework for Identifying Its Main Drivers: A Case Study in Benin. Land 2023, 12, 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12051094
Sinsin CBL, Bonou A, Salako KV, Gbedomon RC, Glèlè Kakaï RL. Economic Valuation of Mangroves and a Linear Mixed Model-Assisted Framework for Identifying Its Main Drivers: A Case Study in Benin. Land. 2023; 12(5):1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12051094
Chicago/Turabian StyleSinsin, Corine Bitossessi Laurenda, Alice Bonou, Kolawolé Valère Salako, Rodrigue Castro Gbedomon, and Romain Lucas Glèlè Kakaï. 2023. "Economic Valuation of Mangroves and a Linear Mixed Model-Assisted Framework for Identifying Its Main Drivers: A Case Study in Benin" Land 12, no. 5: 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12051094
APA StyleSinsin, C. B. L., Bonou, A., Salako, K. V., Gbedomon, R. C., & Glèlè Kakaï, R. L. (2023). Economic Valuation of Mangroves and a Linear Mixed Model-Assisted Framework for Identifying Its Main Drivers: A Case Study in Benin. Land, 12(5), 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12051094