Search Results (20,007)

The disruptive potential of AI agents is becoming increasingly evident, impacting the very nature of the interactions between users and online services and content. Representing a new form of intermediation, these agents are transforming the way users access and interact with online resources, while also reshaping the distribution of informational power, economic value, and access in the digital ecosystem. This paper analyses the evolution of intermediation mechanisms on the internet through a critical, non-systematic review guided by Critical Systems Heuristics. We trace the progressive layering of intermediation mechanisms to online content/services from the technical infrastructures, and we argue that AI agents constitute a structurally distinct intermediation layer that introduces new dynamics of power, opacity, value distribution, and access to the digital ecosystem, with significant implications for users, online services, and the broader society. We are currently crossing a potentially significant evolutionary shift in the Internet, where AI agent intermediation could progressively exert a substantial influence on how information is exchanged. This paper offers a framework with which to discuss the implications of this potential evolution and to guide future research, public discussion, and policy interventions in this area. Full article

Agricultural subsidy policies have increasingly shifted from production-oriented support toward incentives that reward environmental stewardship and the provision of ecosystem services. Despite their rapid expansion, evidence regarding the environmental effectiveness, economic efficiency, market implications, and food-security consequences of these eco-centric agricultural subsidies remains fragmented across policy frameworks and regions. This review synthesizes current evidence on eco-centric agricultural subsidies by comparatively evaluating their environmental, economic, and policy outcomes across developed and developing economies. The review was conducted using a structured literature search following PRISMA-informed review procedures, drawing upon peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, policy evaluations, and international institutional reports retrieved from major scientific databases and policy sources. The evidence indicates that eco-centric subsidies generally improve biodiversity conservation, soil health, carbon sequestration, water quality, and reductions in chemical inputs when payments are appropriately targeted and supported by effective monitoring and institutional capacity. Performance-based and results-oriented payment schemes frequently demonstrate greater environmental additionality and cost-effectiveness than conventional practice-based payments; however, their broader implementation remains constrained by monitoring costs, verification requirements, administrative complexity, and regional institutional capacity. Economic outcomes are more heterogeneous, with benefits depending on program design, agroecological conditions, market structures, and farm characteristics. While these subsidies can enhance environmental returns on public investment, challenges including land-value capitalization, unequal benefit distribution, transaction costs, market distortions, and potential short-term productivity trade-offs remain important policy concerns. Evidence regarding food-security impacts is similarly context-dependent and varies across production systems and geographical regions. Overall, the review demonstrates that no single subsidy instrument is universally effective. Instead, the greatest environmental and economic benefits are achieved through integrated policy portfolios combining targeted incentives, outcome-based payments, robust monitoring systems, digital technologies, carbon-market integration, and equitable program design. The review also identifies important evidence gaps concerning developing-country experiences, long-term cost-effectiveness, and standardized evaluation frameworks, providing priorities for future research and policy development. Full article

Soil sealing is a major driver of urban transformation, generating significant environmental impacts through the loss of soil functions and Ecosystem Services (ES). In this context, economic valuation of ES has emerged as an effective tool for communicating the importance of soil within decision-making processes largely influenced by market dynamics. Despite extensive research on ES, reviews focusing on how economic valuation can support local planning remain limited. As a consequence, this study presents a semi-systematic literature review addressing two research questions: (1) how ES assessment can be integrated into local planning tools and practices, and (2) which monetary metrics can ethically and effectively represent ES values within planning frameworks. Conducted in RStudio, the review combined automated screening of 2500 records with further manual selection and an analytical framework to examine ES definitions, valuation methods, spatial assessment units, and planning applications. The findings indicate that the rigor, methods, and level of detail of ES assessments should be adapted to planning objectives, available resources, territorial context, and stakeholders involved, supporting site-specific decisions. A cross-scale approach emerges as the most suitable for integrating ecological processes with administrative planning, while robust, flexible, and participatory governance across administrative levels is essential. Finally, despite the need for a shared methodological framework, standardized approaches such as the System of Environmental Economic Accounting–Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA) are still rarely adopted, particularly for local-scale and monetary ES assessments. Overall, the review provides a transparent and operational approach for integrating ES into spatial planning through interdisciplinary and participatory approaches and strengthening planning systems to prevent soil sealing and promote long-term community benefits. Full article

In the context of economic globalization, effective cooperation and information sharing are critical for enhancing the efficiency and competitiveness of supply chains. Fresh agricultural product supply chains face distinctive challenges arising from high perishability, rapid demand fluctuations, and information asymmetry among supply chain members. This study develops an analytical framework comprising the following three conceptually connected but independently calibrated modules: an EOQ cost module, a comparative profit module, and a two-period, two-task dynamic principal–agent module. The modules are connected through the common economic logic of value creation, value distribution, and incentive design, rather than through a one-to-one numerical mapping. Using operational and financial information from the Erli River Crab supply chain in Panshan County, the EOQ and comparative profit models are independently calibrated at different decision scales to evaluate the benchmark economic effects of information-sharing-enabled coordination. The EOQ analysis uses annual aggregate operational quantities, whereas the comparative profit analysis uses a normalized transaction-demand scale; therefore, their numerical quantity magnitudes are not intended for direct one-to-one comparison. Within the EOQ module, information-sharing-enabled coordination reduces total relevant supply chain cost by 8.41% relative to the farmer-led decentralized benchmark and by 60.75% relative to the retailer-led decentralized benchmark. The difference arises because the farmer-led batch quantity is closer to the coordinated optimum, whereas the retailer-led order quantity is substantially smaller, implying a higher modeled frequency of upstream setup activities and a larger setup-cost component under the benchmark parameterization. These results capture the joint effect of full information availability and coordinated batch optimization under two alternative decentralized decision regimes. Within the comparative profit module, over the benchmark wholesale-price interval, the coordinated full-information-sharing benchmark increases total supply chain profit by 1.38–2.30% relative to the decentralized no-information-sharing benchmark. Under the unchanged-wholesale-price comparison, the farmer’s profit increases by 13.21–17.65%, whereas the retailer’s profit decreases by 1.74–3.11%. These results identify positive aggregate value creation and an asymmetric initial allocation under the linear-demand and unchanged-wholesale-price benchmark. This asymmetric allocation is benchmark-specific rather than an unavoidable consequence of information-sharing-enabled coordination, because a negotiated transfer or wholesale-price adjustment can redistribute the additional surplus. The extended analysis derives a participation-compatible transfer interval within which both the farmer and the retailer are weakly better off than under decentralized decision-making. Within the dynamic principal–agent module, a case-motivated illustrative simulation using standardized benchmark parameters shows that more informative intertemporal performance signals strengthen the optimal second-period incentive coefficient, whereas greater risk exposure limits the appropriate intensity of performance-based compensation. Continuation–payoff and ratchet-like effects jointly shape first-period information-sharing effort. Together, the three modules show how information-sharing-enabled coordination affects operational efficiency, surplus allocation, and intertemporal incentives. Full article

The Ponto-Danubian Basin Acipenseridae family includes species of fish with high economic value, as well as some of the most vulnerable taxonomic groups in terms of biodiversity conservation worldwide. Viral diseases have been documented considerably less frequently than bacterial and parasitic diseases. However, the European sturgeon iridovirus (AcIV-E) and herpes viruses have recently emerged as epizootic pathogens, raising concerns about their potential impact on sturgeon populations in the Black Sea basin. Bacterial pathogens were the main cause of the diseases reported in the reviewed literature. Many of these pathogens belonged to the Genera Aeromonas, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, and Citrobacter. These pathogens were particularly implicated in the etiology of septicemic and hemorrhagic symptoms, which significantly impacted the mortality of affected populations. Ecto- and endoparasitic infestations were primarily caused by protozoa, monogeneans, trematodes, and nematodes, resulting in tissue lesions of varying severity, depending on the parasite and the host's immune status. Temporal analysis revealed a significant increase in reports of bacterial diseases after 2000, coinciding with the growth of sturgeon aquaculture in Turkey and Romania. Outbreaks of disease exhibited pronounced geographical clustering in the northwestern Black Sea Region and the Danube River. These areas are characterized by intensive aquaculture activity and ecological vulnerability. These findings highlight the importance of coordinated regional surveillance, wider adoption of molecular diagnostics, and incorporation of health management strategies into conservation planning for Acipenseridae populations in the Black Sea Region. Full article

This study evaluated the effects of Fibrafid, a plant-based functional feed additive, on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and intestinal histomorphometry of broilers fed standard or moderately nutrient-reduced diets. A total of 432 one-day-old Ross 308 chicks (initial body weight, 44.9 ± 0.30 g) were randomly allocated to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement comprising two dietary nutrient densities (standard or diets with 1.5% lower metabolizable energy and 5% lower digestible amino acid density) and three Fibrafid inclusion levels (0, 1.5, or 2.5 kg/ton). Each treatment comprised six replicates of 12 birds (six males and six females) and was evaluated from day 1 to 24. Dietary nutrient reduction affected growth performance and breast meat quality pH and ultimate lightness values, whereas Fibrafid supplementation, particularly at 2.5 kg/ton, improved overall gain by 5.3%, grower-phase feed conversion ratio by 4.0%, EPEF by 8.08%, relative thymus weight by 64.8%, while reducing abdominal fat deposition by 27.1% relative to the unsupplemented control (p < 0.05). Several breast meat quality traits were also improved, including greater water-holding capacity and myofibril fragmentation index and lower drip and cooking losses (p < 0.05). Jejunal morphology was enhanced, as indicated by increased villus dimensions and goblet cell density (p < 0.05). Significant Diet × Fibrafid interactions were observed for grower performance, EPEF, overall feed intake, and several intestinal morphological variables (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Fibrafid supplementation, particularly at 2.5 kg/ton, was associated with improved growth performance, EPEF, selected carcass and breast meat quality traits, and jejunal morphology during the first 24 days of age. These findings suggest that Fibrafid may be a promising natural feed additive for broiler diets formulated at standard or moderately reduced nutrient densities. However, further studies extending to market age and evaluating nutrient digestibility, intestinal microbiota, blood biochemical indices, and economic returns are warranted to clarify its mechanisms and practical value under commercial production conditions. Full article

For transition economies seeking economic diversification and macroeconomic stability, optimizing the allocation of tourism investments between hospitality infrastructure and cultural assets remains a critical challenge. The primary purpose of this study is to determine how these different components of capital affect the gross value added of the national tourism sector. The significance of the results was tested using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag bounds approach over the period from 2003 to 2023. An error correction specification was used to examine short-run adjustment, while FM-OLS served as a supplementary estimator of the long-run coefficients. HC3 robust standard errors were applied after heteroskedasticity was detected. The findings provide qualified evidence of a long-run level relationship. Investment in accommodation and food services has a positive and statistically significant association with tourism gross value added. Investment in arts, entertainment, and recreation does not exhibit a statistically significant direct association in the final specifications. This result does not imply that cultural and recreational assets lack tourism value, as their contribution may operate through destination attractiveness, authenticity, visitor experience, and other indirect channels. The results emphasize the importance of coordinated tourism planning and stakeholder partnerships across the hospitality and cultural sectors. Given the limited sample size, these findings and their policy implications should be interpreted with caution. Full article

Child-well stimulation design has become a central challenge in mature unconventional reservoirs, where infill wells are commonly completed in reservoirs that have already been modified by parent-well production. Prior depletion changes pore pressure, stress distribution, and fracture-propagation pathways, causing child-well treatments to behave differently from parent-well completions. As a result, increasing fluid volume, proppant loading, stage density, or pump rate does not necessarily produce proportional gains in recovery. This review synthesizes the comprehensive literature on child-well stimulation intensity with emphasis on well performance, fracture-driven interactions, pad-scale economics, diagnostics, and resource-use considerations. The analysis shows that the production response is highly conditional: larger treatments can enhance reservoir contact when fractures access underdrained rock; however they may lose effectiveness when depletion-induced stress changes redirect fracture growth toward parent-well drainage areas or pre-existing fracture networks. In such cases, higher nominal intensity can increase interwell communication, reduce completion efficiency, impair parent-well performance, and weaken pad-level economic value. A key outcome of this review is the distinction between nominal stimulation intensity, represented by the treatment pumped, and effective stimulation intensity, represented by the fraction of that treatment that creates incremental productive fracture area. This distinction reframes child-well optimization from a treatment-size problem to a depletion-aware fracture-placement problem. Diagnostics, coupled modeling, production analysis, and mitigation strategies are therefore necessary to determine whether added stimulation intensity improves recovery or primarily redistributes production within the pad. From an economic perspective, the pad rather than the individual child well is the correct unit for evaluating stimulation-intensity decisions, since pad-level net present value integrates incremental child-well recovery, parent-well degradation, protection costs, spacing effects, and completion capital. Produced-water reuse and lifecycle emission benchmarking represent practical tools for reducing the environmental footprint of child-well development programs while simultaneously lowering freshwater demand and disposal volumes. These economic and environmental dimensions are inseparable from the technical optimization of stimulation intensity and are addressed explicitly in this review. This review concludes that child-well stimulation intensity should be optimized within a pad-scale framework that integrates depletion state, spacing, landing-zone selection, parent-well management, and long-term value rather than being uniformly maximized. Full article

Background/Objectives: Croatia is among the European countries with moderately high antibiotic consumption and correspondingly elevated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates. National-level surveillance, however, masks substantial county-level heterogeneity that is relevant for targeted stewardship. This study aimed to (i) quantify and statistically test temporal changes in total antibacterial consumption (J01), beta-lactam antibiotics (J01C), and macrolides/lincosamides/streptogramins (J01F) across all 21 Croatian counties between 2017 and 2024, spanning the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods, and (ii) characterize geographic disparities that could inform region-specific stewardship interventions. J01C and J01F were selected because they are, respectively, the most heavily consumed and the most steadily rising antibiotic subgroups in Croatia, and both carry direct relevance to the WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) stewardship framework. Methods: A retrospective, registry-based analysis of antibiotic consumption in all 21 Croatian counties was conducted using annual distribution data from the Croatian Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices (HALMED), covering 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2024. Consumption was expressed as defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DDD/TID). County-level values for 2017, 2020, 2021, and 2024 were compared using paired Student’s t-tests (confirmed with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests) and a Friedman test across all four time points; national annual means (2017–2024) were compared descriptively against European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) surveillance benchmarks. Results: National J01 consumption declined from 21.16 to 16.96 DDD/TID between 2017 and 2021 (−19.8%) and rebounded to 22.75 DDD/TID by 2024 (+34.1%); the county-level decline and rebound were both statistically significant (paired t-tests, p < 0.001 for each comparison; Friedman χ² = 57.97, p < 0.001). J01C followed the same U-shaped pattern, temporally coincident with the COVID-19 pandemic period (12.59 → 5.13 → 9.05 DDD/TID; all comparisons p < 0.001), whereas J01F rose continuously throughout the study period, without a corresponding dip during that period (2.81 → 3.49 → 4.43 DDD/TID; p < 0.001 for every interval). Croatia’s 2024 mean county-level J01 consumption was significantly above the 2024 EU/EEA population-weighted mean of 18.8 DDD/TID (one-sample t-test, p = 0.016). The sharpest pandemic-era declines and post-pandemic rebounds were concentrated in Adriatic coastal counties (Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Zadar, Šibenik-Knin, and Istria). Conclusions: Total and beta-lactam antibiotic consumption in Croatia followed a U-shaped trajectory temporally coincident with the COVID-19 pandemic period, while macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin use rose steadily throughout 2017–2024, a pattern of stewardship concern given that this subgroup is predominantly classified as “Watch” under the WHO AWaRe framework. Coastal counties displayed disproportionate fluctuations, plausibly reflecting seasonal population dynamics not captured by resident-population denominators. AWaRe-stratified, tourism-adjusted, county-level surveillance is recommended to guide targeted stewardship. Full article

The global poultry industry faces a critical ethical and bioeconomic challenge regarding the annual culling of 6–7 billion day-old male layer chicks, which lack commercial value for mass meat production. This study critically evaluates European and global regulatory frameworks alongside the practical, economic, and ethical viability of alternative management strategies. While legislative bans in nations like Germany and France push for in ovo sexing technologies, and several systems are already operational across Europe, these methods currently impose substantial financial burdens and operational constraints that hinder their global commercial implementation. Alternative approaches, including rearing light-type cockerels or caponisation, frequently face significant sustainability challenges due to poor feed conversion ratios, prolonged production cycles, and inherent animal welfare concerns. Consequently, the immediate, worldwide integration of these technological alternatives remains challenging. This paper offers a pragmatic, bioeconomically stable recommendation: while in ovo systems continue to expand towards genuine high-throughput global viability, a sustainable approach—manual post-hatch sorting followed by immediate culling using methods permitted under current animal welfare legislation—may represent a transitional management option in jurisdictions where commercially viable in ovo sexing technologies are not yet available. Managed strictly as Category 3 animal by-products under Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, the resulting material could potentially be directed to biogas plants to recover renewable energy. When implemented in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, such an approach may provide a legally compliant pathway for recovering renewable energy while remaining consistent with current veterinary and environmental regulations. Full article

High-sensitivity cardiac troponin has made the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) faster and more precise, but it does not measure the broader biological vulnerability that often determines the outcome after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is induced by ischemic stress, inflammation, oxidative injury, renal dysfunction, metabolic disease, and ageing. This biology explains its appeal in ACS, but also its diagnostic limitation: GDF-15 is not cardiac-specific and should not be used as an alternative to electrocardiography and high-sensitivity troponin algorithms for early MI diagnosis. Its better supported role is prognostic. Across emergency department chest pain cohorts, non-ST elevation MI, ST elevation MI, post-ACS trial populations, and serial biomarker studies, higher GDF-15 concentrations are most consistently associated with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, heart failure, and major bleeding, while associations with recurrent ischemic events alone are less specific. The key unresolved issue is incremental clinical value. GDF-15 may improve discrimination and reclassification beyond clinical predictors, troponin, natriuretic peptides, renal function and GRACE or GRACE 2.0 in selected settings, but statistical association is not equivalent to clinical utility. Its possible role in bleeding risk estimation and antithrombotic benefit–risk assessment is clinically important, especially after the PLATO biomarker analyses, yet routine GDF-15-guided dual antiplatelet therapy decisions remain unsupported. Future implementation requires validated thresholds, calibration, decision curve evidence, health economic evaluation, and trials in which GDF-15-guided management changes care and improves outcomes. Full article

Sustainable business models (SBMs) describe how organizations create, deliver, and capture value while simultaneously generating economic, environmental, and social benefits for a broad set of stakeholders. Although the field has expanded rapidly since the late 2000s, the literature remains conceptually dispersed: definitions proliferate, design tools and archetypes coexist without integration, and findings on the link between sustainability practices and firm performance remain inconsistent. To address this fragmentation, this study conducts a PRISMA 2020-guided systematic literature review of foundational and recent contributions published between 2008 and 2025. Of 300 records identified through database searching, 30 studies met the eligibility criteria and were synthesized qualitatively; these are interpreted together with complementary theoretical and methodological literature. Rather than reporting bibliometric indicators, the review synthesizes the field across three dimensions: the evolution of the SBM concept, its dominant design logics and archetypes, and its contemporary thematic landscape. The findings trace a progression from foundational triple-bottom-line conceptualization, through archetype- and tool-based design approaches such as the Triple-Layered Business Model Canvas and pattern taxonomies, toward digitally enabled, circular, and resilience-oriented models. These patterns are interpreted through complementary theoretical lenses—the resource-based and natural-resource-based views, dynamic capabilities, information-processing theory, and stakeholder theory. The review consolidates these insights into an integrative conceptual framework that links theoretical foundations, value-design dimensions, enabling capabilities, and triple-bottom-line outcomes. It further discusses implications for managers and outlines a research agenda emphasizing digital and circular enablers, longitudinal designs, and the under-examined context of emerging markets, with an applied emphasis on Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Full article

District heating provides efficient urban heating; however, sustainable cost allocation methods in multi-apartment buildings often require additional attention, especially in developing markets such as Prishtina, Kosovo. These systems often rely on flat-rate billing, and they fail to account for heat consumption in common areas. Consequently, not all heat entering the building is accounted for or billed. This leads to systemic cross-subsidization, penalizing energy-conscious consumers while allowing inactive or unoccupied units to benefit from unmetered heat transfer without contributing to the associated costs. To address this, this study proposes a coefficient-based economic allocation model to equitably distribute common area heating costs in mixed-metered buildings, thereby promoting sustainable energy consumption. Using Prishtina as a case study, the methodology determines an optimal common-heat coefficient (β) via constrained boundary analysis based on a physical constraint (net-to-gross area ratio of the building stock ≤ 27.5%) and an economic constraint (fixed charges ≤ 30%). The methodology was informed by a comprehensive dataset of 414 thermal substations provided by the district heating provider “Termokos” (covering 18,546 heating units during the 2024/2025 heating season), with Substation 277-UL presented as a field case study to demonstrate the practical application and validity of the model. The results show three findings: First, the optimal coefficient is established at β = 20%, satisfying both boundaries and showing that the attributed part of the heating consumption for the common area should not surpass this value. Second, the framework tackles cross-subsidization, reducing specific bills for regular, heat cost allocator-metered consumers by 21.7% compared to unmetered billing. Third, the model proposes a transparent approach to distribute common heat costs across the building community, ensuring equitable participation in shared thermal expenses of common areas. Hence, this research serves as a first step toward establishing equitable billing policies, maintaining energy balance, and fostering socio-economic and energy sustainability in the district heating industry. Full article

Shared energy storage (SES) can mitigate the high investment cost and low utilization efficiency associated with independently configured energy storage in user-side integrated energy systems. This paper proposes a bi-level optimal configuration method for SES considering frequency regulation revenue and energy storage degradation costs. First, for a multi-park scenario in which several parks jointly construct and share an SES station, an upper-level investment and operation model is developed to minimize the comprehensive cost of the SES station, while considering its participation in the frequency regulation market and the degradation cost caused by charge–discharge cycling. A lower-level coordinated operation model is then established to optimize the joint operating economy of the parks. Second, the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions of the lower-level model and the Big-M method are used to reformulate the bi-level problem as a single-level mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. Third, a bilateral Shapley value method is introduced to fairly allocate the SES investment cost. Finally, case studies are conducted to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed bi-level model. The results show that the optimal rated power and rated energy capacity of the SES are 22.00 MW and 44.00 MWh, respectively. Participation in frequency regulation increases the annual net profit of the SES operator by 7.31%, whereas ignoring the degradation cost increases the annual net profit to CNY 11.29 million, thereby overestimating the actual economic performance of the project. Compared with independently configured energy storage, the comprehensive cost of the three-park grand coalition is reduced by 16.96%. Overall, the proposed method can coordinate SES capacity configuration, frequency regulation revenue, and degradation cost, thereby reducing the comprehensive energy storage cost of multiple parks and improving project economics while providing a reference for the planning and operation of multi-park SES under high renewable energy penetration. Full article

Hydraulic fracturing is a critical technology for unconventional oil and gas development, but its performance is strongly affected by geological heterogeneity, complex fracture propagation, operational uncertainty, and nonlinear interactions among engineering parameters. Artificial intelligence (AI) provides tools for extracting relationships from geological, geophysical, operational, and production data. This structured narrative review synthesizes AI applications across four sequential stages of the hydraulic-fracturing workflow: sweet-spot identification, fracturing-parameter optimization, operational diagnosis and risk warning, and post-fracturing flowback prediction and control. Representative studies reported sweet-spot classification accuracy of 97.5% and R² = 0.97 for production-performance prediction; a simulator-coupled optimization study reported a 13% economic improvement, and field-data models used cohorts of up to 295 wells. Operational studies reported point-event recognition above 97%, pressure forecasting 30 s ahead, and risk forecasts over three consecutive 60 s intervals. A post-fracturing model trained on 286 wells predicted responses over 30-, 90-, 180-, and 360-day horizons. These values are study-specific and are not directly comparable because the datasets, targets, partitions, and metrics differ. Collectively, the evidence indicates measurable but uneven progress; field readiness remains limited by data quality, multimodal alignment, physical consistency, uncertainty quantification, external validation, and weak coupling between model outputs and operational decisions. The review contributes a reproducible workflow-oriented coding framework and defines validation and deployment priorities for reliable, interpretable, and executable AI-assisted fracturing decision support. Full article