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Article

Assessment on the Spatial Distribution Suitability of Ethnic Minority Villages in Fujian Province Based on GeoDetector and AHP Method

by
Xiang Xu
1 and
Paolo Vincenzo Genovese
2,3,*
1
School of Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
2
College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
3
International Center of History, Critics of Architecture and Restoration of Historical Heritage, Hangzhou 310058, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Land 2022, 11(9), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091486
Submission received: 29 July 2022 / Revised: 30 August 2022 / Accepted: 31 August 2022 / Published: 5 September 2022

Abstract

:
Ethnic minority villages are important resources for the economy and social development of ethnic minority areas because they preserve ethnic minorities’ culture. With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, the factors affecting the development of villages have changed. With the help and guidance of the government, the gap between villages has increased. According to the development conditions of ethnic minority villages at the present stage, the suitability of their spatial distribution has been studied, the existing problems in the current development have been explored, and the development laws and future development trends have been found. To make the evaluation results more scientific and objective, Geographical Detector (Geodetector) and Absorbent Hygiene Product (AHP) methods are used to establish the evaluation model. Taking 567 ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province as the research object, 13 factors are selected from the aspects of natural geographical, socio-economy and cultural life to construct the evaluation indicator system of Fujian ethnic minority villages, and the spatial distribution suitability of Fujian ethnic minority villages is quantitatively evaluated. The findings indicated the following: (1) The per capita income of villages has the most important impact on the suitability of spatial distribution of Fujian minority villages. Through comprehensive evaluation, the impact of cultural life indicators on the suitability of the spatial distribution of the village is greater than that of socio-economic indicators and natural geographical indicators. The intensity relationship is 9:7:10. (2) The high suitability value is concentrated in Fujian Province’s southeast coastal and central areas, gradually decreasing from east to west. In Fujian Province, 82.84%of the land is suitable for the development of ethnic minority villages, with 89% of ethnic minority villages. The unsuitable areas are mostly in Fujian’s north and west. (3) The most suitable cities for the number of ethnic minority villages are Ningde City and Quanzhou City because ethnic minority villages in these two cities are mostly distributed in areas relatively close to the central urban area, with good economic conditions, flat terrain, and easy transportation. The cities of Nanping and Sanming are the least suitable for many ethnic minority villages, which are primarily limited by topographic conditions, have a backward economy, a sparse road network, and have experienced significant population loss. In the context of urbanization, the evaluation results can provide a reference for the precise development and protection of minority villages. Governments at all levels in Fujian Province can adjust and optimize the development strategies of minority villages according to the evaluation results.

1. Introduction

Ethnic minority villages refer to villages with a relatively high proportion of ethnic minority population, complete production and living functions, and obvious ethnic culture and settlement characteristics. In terms of architectural form, and customs, ethnic minority villages are relatively complete and retain the culture of ethnic minorities, reflecting the diversity of Chinese culture [1]. The guiding opinions of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission on further strengthening and regulating the protection and development of ethnic minority characteristic villages and towns in the new period pointed out that “the construction of ethnic minority characteristic villages and towns should be included in the implementation plan of the Rural Revitalization Strategy, and orderly promote the protection and development of ethnic minority characteristic villages and towns [2]. So far, there are 1652 ethnic minority villages in China. The protection, utilization, and development of ethnic minority villages have become a topic of great concern to the government.
Historically, ethnic minorities in some areas chose to live in areas with closed terrain because of avoiding wars or ethnic disputes. The spatial distribution of villages is closely related to the terrain [3]. However, with the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, the conditions on which the development of ethnic minorities was based have changed greatly. The traditional agriculture is no longer the decisive factor for the development of villages, and the terrain is no longer the dominant factor for the development of villages. Natural, economic, cultural, and other factors jointly affect the development of villages. Since the implementation of the pilot project of protection and development of ethnic minority villages in 2007, great achievements have been made in the protection and development of ethnic minority villages in China. In 2009, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and the Ministry of finance began to implement the protection and development project of ethnic minority villages. The central government invested 270 million yuan in developing ethnic minorities, focusing on protecting and transforming houses, strengthening infrastructure construction, and improving the living environment [4]. According to the situation of villages, the local government should formulate reasonable special plans [5]. As the province with the largest population of Shē nationality in China, Fujian Province tries to solve the practical problems of ethnic minority villages by formulating the protection and development plan of ethnic minority villages, selecting characteristic villages, and establishing an experimental area for ethnic cultural and ecological protection, and achieved phased results. The protection and development of villages is a long-term problem. After years of development, the development gap between villages and ethnic minority villages distributed in different spatial and geographical locations has widened under different development conditions when the government intervention is small or separated from the direct assistance of the government. Because of the superior geographical location, convenient traffic conditions, and rich cultural relics, some villages have rich industrial development, the villagers’ lives have been gradually improved, and the villages can continue to develop healthily. There are also some villages that cannot enjoy the convenience brought by social development. The economic income is low, and the population of the villages flows out. After a large amount of human, financial and material resources are invested, the effect is very small, and the development forms a vicious circle. After being separated from the government’s intervention and assistance, the inconvenient transportation has led to less contact between ethnic minority villages and cities, some villages even have language barriers with cities, and the needs of villagers in villages cannot be met. Villagers give up their old houses and choose to settle in counties and other places [6,7,8], which to a certain extent aggravates the decline of villages, and the villages have problems such as disappearance of characteristics [9], air waste [10], and unbalanced resource distribution [11].
The main reason is that the villages suitable for agricultural society cannot meet the contemporary development, and the fundamental problems cannot be solved by merely relying on the continuation of village culture and focusing on Agricultural Development [12,13]. At this stage, it is necessary to conduct a new suitability evaluation on the village according to the contemporary situation of the village to reflect the development status of the village at this stage. The suitability evaluation of spatial distribution is to evaluate the geographical spatial distribution of the village according to the main factors affecting the development of the village at the present stage. At the same time, the selection of indicators has shifted from the terrain indicators to the common influence of natural geographical, socio-economy and cultural life, and the typical representative indicators that affect the development of the village are selected from the numerous evaluation indicators. To classify a large number of ethnic minority villages in Fujian at the present stage according to suitability, scientifically and reasonably show the development status of the ethnic minority villages, excavate the existing problems in the current development, and finally find out their development laws and future development trends. Under the background of urbanization, based on the scientific and objective evaluation results of the suitability of ethnic minority villages, it has become an important direction for the study of ethnic minority villages to formulate reasonable development strategies for ethnic minorities, help governments at all levels to reasonably allocate resources and achieve a targeted goal.

2. Literature Review

As the core issue of minority village research, the suitability evaluation of spatial distribution has become an important basis for the protection and development planning of minority villages. In recent years, various disciplines have carried out a lot of theoretical and empirical research on the suitability of spatial distribution.

2.1. Suitability Evaluation Object

It mainly includes the research on the spatial distribution characteristics and suitability of rural settlements in Shanxi Province [14], the research on the spatial distribution suitability of affordable housing in Xi’an [15], the research on the spatial distribution suitability of elderly care facilities in Xingning District, Nanning [16], a study on the suitability of spatial distribution Pinus massoniana in Hubei province [17], study on the suitability of spatial distribution of alcohol outlets in the community [18], study on the suitability of spatial distribution of Eurasian butterflies [19], study on the suitability of the spatial distribution of Pitaya planting in plateau mountainous area [20], study on the suitability of spatial distribution of ecotourism potential areas [21], study on evaluation of construction land [22,23], and a study on the suitability of spatial distribution of sanitary landfill [24]. Therefore, from the perspective of research objects, the research on the suitability evaluation of spatial distribution is mostly concentrated in rural settlements, urban housing, public service facilities, plants, animals, crops, and other fields. For ethnic minority villages in rural settlements, most of the research is on the spatial distribution characteristics, evolution and driving factors.

2.2. Suitability Evaluation Indicator

Indicators covering topographic features, location environment, as well as the indicators of the economy, policies and regulations, climate, geological disasters, and other aspects were selected according to the goal orientation. The main research includes selecting the altitude, slope and river in the topographic features and the distance from the County Center in the location environment to construct the evaluation indicator of rural residential areas in Shanxi Province [14], selecting altitude, slope, soil, land use, land cover, agriculture, precipitation, river and road network, as well as settlement spread to evaluate urban green belts [25], selecting the altitude, slope, river, topographic relief in the topographic features, the distance from the town center, and the distance from the road in the location environment to construct the evaluation indicator of rural residential areas in Karst Mountainous areas [26]. The suitability distribution of poverty alleviation and relocation of Yi villages in Liupanshui based on goal orientation focuses on policies and regulations [27] in the selection of the evaluation indicator. The settlement phenomenon around the coal mine is based on the geotechnical data of the upper side of the evaluation indicator selection [28]. The suitability distribution of bird habitats in Dongting Lake Basin under the scenario of climate change focuses on climate in the selection of evaluation indicators [29]. The suitability distribution of rural residential areas in karst mountainous areas focuses on geological conditions in the selection of the evaluation indicator [30]. Based on the differences between different conditions and development objectives, the selection of the evaluation indicator is affected by both subjective and objective factors. Therefore, from the perspective of evaluation indicators, scholars choose evaluation indicators according to the regional characteristics and goal orientation of the research object. The subjectivity of indicator selection is strong, and different researchers may obtain different research results for the same region. Natural disaster factors such as landslides, debris flows and floods, which are closely related to the topographic characteristics of mountainous areas and dense river networks in Fujian, are often ignored.

2.3. Suitability Evaluation Method

The suitability of spatial distribution is based on the concept of land suitability, and its methods cover the fields of land use, ecological suitability, and so on. Both are based on the superposition analysis method established by McHarg (1967) by combining the suitability analysis method with theory. With the development and popularization of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, equal weight analysis has hardly been used. The weighted evaluation model and classification algorithm based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) have been established [31,32]—for example, niche model [33,34], maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) [35,36], K-means evaluation model [37,38], fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method [27], multi influencing factor (MIF) analysis method [39,40], and multi-factor superposition (MCE) analysis method [41]. These algorithms are usually used to analyze numerical data, while GeoDetector can analyze both numerical data and qualitative data [42]. Therefore, from the perspective of evaluation methods, AHP has become the most important method in the suitability evaluation of spatial distribution, but this method may lead to deviation in the evaluation results. The weight based on the AHP method only needs to consider the strong relationship between the evaluation indicator and the suitability of spatial distribution, and the relative importance of evaluation factors and does not need to undergo many calculations. This method relies on the experience of participants or experts, academic experience, and objective-oriented qualitative judgment to determine the relationship between them, to obtain the weight value. When there are too many evaluation factors or the relationship between them is not clear, there will be obvious differences in weights. The GeoDector can analyze the statistical data of each evaluation factor to quantify the influence of each factor, and its quantitative results are used to guide the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to generate the weight value of each factor.
Based on the above analysis, this study establishes a suitability evaluation model based on GeoDetector and the AHP method to evaluate the suitability of the spatial distribution of ethnic minority villages in Fujian, which can solve the problem that there are no norms and standards for the selection of indicator factors and the assignment of factor weights, and effectively improve the scientific and objectivity of suitability evaluation. The research results can provide a reference for the precise development and protection of ethnic minority villages. Governments at all levels can adjust and optimize the development strategies of ethnic minority villages in appropriate areas in combination with the suitability evaluation results of ethnic minority villages and increase the resource allocation for the construction of ethnic minority villages in unsuitable areas. The research method can also be popularized and applied in other areas, which has important practical significance for guiding the development of minority villages.

3. Research Materials and Methods

3.1. Study Area

Fujian Province (115°50′ E~120°47′ E, 23°30′ N~28°19′ N) is located on the southeast coast of China and covers an area of about 124,000 square km (Figure 1). The population of ethnic minorities in Fujian Province accounts for 2.16% of the total population of the province, and there are 567 ethnic minority villages. The number and distribution characteristics of ethnic minority villages in each city are significantly different (Figure 2). Ethnic minorities living in Fujian include Shē, Huí, and so on. Among them, the Shē nationality has the largest population in China, with a total of 365,500 people, accounting for 51.58% of the national Shē population and 45.87% of the minority population in the province [43]. The terrain is mainly mountainous and hilly, accounting for more than 80% of the total area. The terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. In the terrain, the area of low mountains accounts for 44.1% of the total area of the province, accounting for the largest proportion; followed by hills accounting for 26.6%, medium and low mountains accounting for 13.3%, and medium mountains accounting for 1.6% [44].

3.2. Data Sources

The spatial distribution suitability of ethnic minority villages is affected by many factors, such as natural climate, geographical environment, society, economy, culture, and so on. Based on the influencing factors of rural residential area distribution suitability proposed by Liu Liwen [14], this study increases the disaster influencing factors often suffered by Fujian under natural conditions, and the cultural factors of ethnic minority villages. It is classified into natural geographical indicators (distance from the river, altitude, slope, landslide sensitivity, flood sensitivity), socio-economic indicators (distance from the County Center, distance from the road, urbanization rate of the county where the village is located, and annual per capita income) and cultural life indicators (population of ethnic minorities, number of intangible cultural heritage, number of material cultural heritage, and per capita arable land).
Through field research, consulting historical documents, consulting the Department of ethnic and religious affairs of Fujian Province, and searching the provincial (municipal) government websites of Fujian Province, we obtained relevant materials from 567 Chinese minority villages. The contents are as follows: The POI (points of interest) data of various ethnic minority villages in the Baidu map in June 2021 are obtained through the software Geosharp, and the types are county administrative center, road, and river data. Obtain natural disaster point data [45] and hydrological station statistical data [46] through a geographic remote sensing ecological network, from the basic geographic information database of Fujian Province and county [47]. The 30 m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) comes from the data center of resources and environmental science, the Chinese Academy of Sciences [48]. The data on the economy, urbanization rate, and population are from the 2020 Statistical Yearbook published by the Fujian Provincial Bureau of statistics [49]. The two factors of altitude and slope are obtained by 30 m DEM analysis. For the factors of river, road and County Center, the Euclidean Metric is used to measure the distance from each village to the nearest element to generate a grid layer. Based on the economy, population, and urbanization rate published in the 2020 Statistical Yearbook published by the Fujian Provincial Bureau of statistics, the grid map of the income, population, and urbanization rate is obtained by density mapping. Based on the historical highest flood level, 20-year flood level, and 10-year flood level data of hydrological stations in Fujian Province, the “seed spread algorithm” [50] is used to calculate the flood sensitivity under different safety levels. Based on the data of landslide occurrence points in Fujian Province, the grid map of landslide sensitivity is obtained by density mapping. All factor layers are unified into a projection coordinate system, and preprocessing such as mask clipping is carried out. The pretreatment results of each factor are shown in Figure 3.
Minority villages are dot-like elements on a macro scale. Therefore, in this study, the spatial point coordinates of the geographical location of ethnic minority villages are used to replace the ethnic minority villages with certain regular shapes.

3.3. Research Method

3.3.1. GeoDetector

GeoDetector is one of the powerful tools for scholars to analyze driving forces and factors. It can detect both numerical data and qualitative data [42,51]. The basic principle is as follows: firstly, the main environmental factors affecting the distribution characteristics of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province are selected, and the relevant data of each factor are comprehensively analyzed and statistically processed through Arcmap 10.8 software(Redlands, California, USA), the software developer is Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), the grid distribution map of ethnic minority villages superimposed with each factor is generated, and the superposition results are statistically analyzed through GeoDetectors to quantify the impact degree of each environmental factor. The results are used to guide the AHP method to generate the weight value of each factor. The impact degree of each environmental factor is measured by the q value, and its algorithm is as follows:
q = 1 h = 1 L N h σ h 2 N σ 2 = 1 S S W S S T
where h = 1,2…, L is the strata of variable Y or detection factor X, (that is, classification or zoning), σ 2 and σ h 2 is the variance of Y value of the whole region and layer h, respectively; N and N h is the number of units in the whole area and layer h respectively; SST is the Total Sum of Squares; SSW is the Sum of Squares, and the value range of q is [0~1]. The larger the q value, the stronger the influence of detection factors on the spatial distribution of ethnic minority villages—on the contrary, the weaker the influence.

3.3.2. Suitability Evaluation Model Based on Geodetector and AHP

The suitability evaluation model usually uses the AHP method to calculate the weight of each indicator. In the calculation process, the relationship between the relative importance and intensity of each factor is evaluated based on subjective evaluation, for example, relative importance: a > b > C; Strength relationship: A is four times more important than B, and B is two times more important than C. Then, each factor is matrix calculated to obtain the weight value of each factor. However, the AHP method has the following shortcomings: (1) there is the possibility of inaccuracy or error in the subjective evaluation of the relationship between the relative importance and intensity of factors; (2) and the correlation of factors is not considered in the analysis. Therefore, this study establishes a suitability evaluation model based on GeoDetector and the AHP method to evaluate the suitability of villages, which can effectively improve the accuracy of using only the AHP method to establish a suitability evaluation model evaluate the suitability of villages. The basic principles are as follows: firstly, the Arcmap 10.8 software is used to analyze the superposition of the distribution of ethnic minority villages and various environmental factors to determine the limiting attribute value of the factors, and the GeoDetector is used to quantify the influence and interaction of various environmental factors, which is used to determine the relative importance and intensity relationship of each indicator layer in the AHP method. Secondly, the evaluation indicator system of Fujian ethnic minority villages is constructed based on 13 factors in terms of natural geographical environment and socio-economic environment, and the evaluation factors are graded and assigned to generate the village suitability evaluation indicator table. With the help of Arcmap 10.8 software, the grid data of each factor are processed, and the grid distribution map of each factor is weighted and superimposed to obtain the village suitability evaluation results. The evaluation results are divided and graded through the division of threshold values to determine the suitability classification results of ethnic minority villages in Fujian. The general framework of this study is shown in Figure 4. The calculation formula of the evaluation model based on GeoDetector and AHP is:
S u i t = i = 1 n W i × P i
where Suit is the comprehensive evaluation value of suitability of ethnic minority villages in an evaluation unit, W i is the weight value of factor i; P i is the i-th single factor score corresponding to the evaluation unit, and n is the total number of factors.

3.4. Evaluation Model Establishment

3.4.1. Factor Classification Statistics

The physical geographical indicators and socio-economic indicators are superimposed with the spatial distribution points of ethnic minority villages, and the single factor is graded. In the socio-economic indicators, the distance from the road is divided into five grades, and the distance from the county seat is divided into five grades. It is found that the closer the distance from the road and the county seat, the more ethnic minority villages are distributed, and the closer the distance is, which provides a positive impact on the development of the village. The per capita annual income of the village is divided into five grades, and the urbanization rate of the county where the village is located is divided into five grades. A high value indicates that the economic benefit of the county where the village is located is good, which provides a positive impact on the development of the village. In the natural geographical indicators, the altitude and slope are divided into five levels. The high altitude and large slope have a small number of villages, which provides negative impacts on the development of villages. The distance from the river is divided into five levels, and the number of villages 10 km away from the river is the largest, which provides a positive impact on the development of villages. The landslide sensitivity is divided into five grades, and the flood sensitivity is divided into three grades. With the decrease of the sensitivity, the number of villages increases, providing a negative impact on the development of villages. In the cultural life indicators, the number of ethnic minorities, the per capita cultivated land area of the village, the amount of intangible cultural heritage, and the amount of intangible cultural heritage in the village are divided into five grades. The larger the value, the better the development of the village at this stage and the more conducive it is to the cultural inheritance and development of the village, providing a positive impact on the development of the village.
The trend line relationship between village distribution points and factors is expressed in R-squared, which is a value between 0 and 1. When it tends to 1, it shows that the trend line is consistent with the data, proving that the classification of each impact factor is reasonable (Figure 5). At the same time, the superposition results of the spatial distribution points of villages and the grading of various factors are counted, and qualitative data are obtained (Appendix Table A1).

3.4.2. Weight of Indicator Layer

The GeoDetector is not affected by numerical data or qualitative data. The factor detection and interactive detection of the GeoDetector are used to analyze the interactive influence of natural geography and socio-economic factors on ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province, that is, the qualitative data in Appendix A are calculated by Theorem 1 to express the influence of factor in a quantitative way; it can intuitively judge the relative importance of each factor through numerical comparison and improve the accuracy of the AHP method in weight calculation.
The nuclear density (Y) of ethnic minority villages is selected as the dependent variable. Select the distance from the road (A), the distance from the County Center (B), Per capita income of villages (C), and the urbanization rate of the county where the village is located (D) in the socio-economic environment, Select slope (E), altitude (F), landslide sensitivity (G), distance from the river (H) and flood sensitivity (I) in the natural geographical environment, select the number of ethnic minorities in the village in cultural life (J), the amount of intangible cultural heritage (K), the amount of material cultural heritage (L), and the per capita cultivated land area (M) as independent variables to calculate the influence of each factor (that is, q value). It can be seen from the results (Table 1) that there are obvious differences in the influence q values of each influencing factor, and the specific values are C > D > J > K > L > M > H > F > E > I > G > B > A. The influence of the per capita income (c) of the village is the highest, and the urbanization rate (d), the number of ethnic minorities (J) and the amount of intangible cultural heritage (k) of the county where the village is located are also large, indicating that the suitability of the spatial distribution of the village is mainly affected by the per capita income of the village, the urbanization rate, the number of ethnic minorities and the amount of intangible cultural heritage. When using the AHP method to calculate the weight, the relative importance of each factor should follow C > D > J > K > L > M > H > F > E > I > G > B > A.
The weight of socio-economic, physical geography and cultural life in the middle indicator layer needs to consider the interaction value of each factor. According to the interaction detection and analysis results of the impact factors (Table 2), the average value of the interaction of each factor is taken as the value of the middle indicator layer, that is, the socio-economic indicator value = ( A ¯ + B ¯ + C ¯ + D ¯ ) = 1.60, the natural geographical indicator value = ( E ¯ + F ¯ + G ¯ + H ¯ + I ¯ ) = 1.17, and the cultural life. The indicator value ( J ¯ + K ¯ + L ¯ + M ¯ ) = 1.70; in the AHP method, the intensity relationship of the middle indicator layer of social economy, natural geography and cultural life is 1.60:1.17:1.7 = 9:7:10.

3.4.3. Suitability Evaluation Indicator Table

The study uses an analytic hierarchy process to divide the indicator system into target layers, middle layers, and indicator layers.
Combined with the relative importance of each factor obtained by the above GeoDetector and the strong relationship of the middle layer, the pairwise judgment matrix of the target layer, the middle layer, and the indicator layer is constructed, and calculated to obtain the weight value of the factors of this level to a factor of the previous level (Theorem 2), which is the middle layer weight value and the indicator layer weight value. Then, refer to the trend line of the impact of each factor on the spatial distribution of villages (Figure 4), assign the value of each factor grade with 0–9 according to the degree of suitability, and generate the evaluation table of the suitability indicator of the spatial distribution of villages (Table 3).

4. Suitability Evaluation Results

4.1. Suitability Evaluation and Calculation

The grid data of each factor are processed with the help of Arcmap 10.8 software, the grid distribution map of each factor is weighted and superimposed, and the graphic value of each grid unit is calculated by the map algebra method, to form the grid surface map of the village suitability evaluation (Figure 6). It can be seen from the figure that the high value of village suitability is distributed in the southeast coastal and central areas of Fujian Province, gradually decreasing from the high value to the West.

4.2. Determination of Partition Threshold

The comprehensive evaluation result of ethnic minority villages is a continuous grid map, with a value of 2.2846–8.3835. Natural breaks are used to divide the values into grade I, grade II, grade III, and grade IV, of which grade I, grade II, and grade III correspond to the most suitable, generally suitable, and basically suitable, respectively, and grade IV is unsuitable (Table 4).

4.3. Suitability Classification Results

According to the threshold value of suitability classification, the suitability evaluation grid map of villages is reclassified to generate the suitability classification results of ethnic minority villages (Figure 7), and then the grid calculator is used to obtain the suitability classification statistics of ethnic minority villages (Table 5). The results show that the most suitable area for developing minority villages in Fujian Province accounts for 21.05%, distributed in the southeast coastal area in a belt shape. This area has the characteristics of rapid economic development, flat terrain, convenient transportation, high urbanization, fewer natural disasters, and the villages are close to the county seat. In addition, 24% of the minority villages in Fujian Province are in this area; generally suitable area accounts for 33.59%, which is scattered in the southeast coastal areas, the central and western regions, the northwest, and the southwest. This region is the most suitable area for the economy and has the characteristics of low average altitude, convenient transportation, a large population, and a good ecological environment. In addition, 51% of ethnic minority villages are located in this region. The number of ethnic minority villages in this area is significantly higher than that in the most suitable areas, mainly because the most suitable areas are mostly in the central urban area and nearby areas with high urbanization, and villages are generally a certain distance from the central urban area; Basically suitable area accounts for 28.20%, which is scattered in the north-central region, the Middle East region and the southern region. The average altitude of this region is high, the economic capacity is general, the natural disaster sensitivity is high, the road network is sparse, the degree of urbanization is low, and the number of ethnic minority villages is relatively small, accounting for 14%. The area of unsuitable areas accounts for 17.16%, mainly concentrated in the northern and western regions. This region is mostly surrounded by mountains, with backward economic development, sparse road network, inconvenient transportation, low urbanization, and a small population. The number of villages distributed accounts for the least, only 11%. In general, most areas of Fujian Province are suitable for the development of ethnic minority villages, and the number of ethnic minority villages distributed in suitable areas accounts for nearly 90%.
The statistical results of the suitability classification of ethnic minority villages are analyzed according to the municipal administrative divisions (Table 6). The number of minority villages in Xiamen is small and has no reference value. Ningde has the most significant number of ethnic minority villages, accounting for 43.03%; most of them are in grade I, II, and III suitable areas, and only 2.24% are in unsuitable areas. The number of ethnic minority villages in Fuzhou accounts for 14.46%, but all ethnic minority villages are in grade I, II, and III suitability areas. The proportion of ethnic minority villages in Longyan, Nanping, Quanzhou, Sanming, and Zhangzhou is similar. Among them, ethnic minority villages in Longyan and Quanzhou are in grade I, II, and III suitable areas, and ethnic minority villages in the other three cities are in unsuitable areas. Among them, ethnic minority villages in Nanping account for 8.47%, but 4.13% are in unsuitable areas, and the proportion of ethnic minority villages in Sanming is relatively high, reaching 2.51%.
From the above analysis, Ningde City and Quanzhou City are the most suitable cities for the development of ethnic minority villages. Among many cities, Nanping City is the least suitable city for the development of ethnic minority villages, followed by Sanming City. The number of ethnic minority villages in these two cities is small, and more than half of the villages are distributed in areas unsuitable for development.

5. Discussion

5.1. Advantages of Spatial Distribution Suitability Evaluation Model Based on Geodetector and AHP

(1)
The spatial distribution suitability of ethnic minority villages is affected by many factors. The suitability analysis factors of villages in different regions are different, especially in Fujian, where there are many mountains and hills, the natural conditions are complex and changeable, and disasters occur relatively frequently. The selection of factors should be more targeted. In the past, due to the limitations of various conditions, the evaluation indicators usually selected terrain, roads, towns, rivers, etc., with less consideration of disasters and economy [14]. According to the topographic characteristics of Fujian Province, this paper constructs an evaluation indicator system by integrating 13 factors such as landslide sensitivity, flood sensitivity, and cultural heritage, which improves the scientific and rationality of the evaluation results to a certain extent.
(2)
Compared with only using the AHP method to establish the suitability evaluation model, the evaluation model of Village Spatial Suitability through geographical detectors and the AHP method is more scientific. In the study, the relative importance of each factor is ranked numerically, that is, the relative importance of the distance from the road (A), the distance from the County Center (B), the per capita income of the village (C), the urbanization rate of the county where the village is located (D), the slope (E), the altitude (F), the landslide sensitivity (G), the distance from the river (H), the flood sensitivity (I), the number of ethnic minorities in the village (J), the number of intangible cultural heritage (K), the number of material cultural heritage (L), and the per capita cultivated land area (M) are sorted, The results were C > D > J > K > L > M > H > F > E > I > G > B > A, which is inconsistent with the ranking results of the relative importance of factors given based on the experience of researchers [52]. The intensity relationship of the intermediate index layer is calculated by factor interaction. The intensity relationship of social economy, natural geography, and cultural life is 9:7:10; this is not consistent with the result of the indicator layer strength relationship given based on the experience of researchers [14,15]. Therefore, it makes up for the deficiency in the evaluation model of AHP, that is, relying on the experience of researchers or experts to determine the relationship between factors, to obtain the weight assignment, which will cause deviation in the results.

5.2. Ethnic Minority Villages in Each City Should Be Planned According to the Suitability Difference of Spatial Distribution

According to the results of the suitability evaluation and classification of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province, ethnic minority villages are preliminarily divided into ethnic minority villages in the most suitable areas, generally suitable areas, basically suitable areas, and unsuitable areas. The development strategies of ethnic minority villages are reasonably formulated according to the zoning results of ethnic minority villages:
  • Ethnic minority villages in the most suitable areas have a better location, economic and traffic conditions, fewer natural disasters, complete infrastructure, relatively complete functions, and the fastest urbanization process. For example, Fuzhou and Quanzhou should avoid the excessive urbanization of ethnic minority villages, which leads to the disappearance of the cultural characteristics of ethnic minority villages. They should not adopt the development strategy of emphasizing economy over culture. They should promote industrial integration and take a green and high-quality development path. There are many ethnic minority villages in Ningde City. In the process of developing the village economy, we should strengthen the protection of build-style and form a regional development model for ethnic minorities.
  • The economic, transportation, urbanization, population, and other conditions of ethnic minority villages in general suitable areas are all driven by the radiation of the most suitable areas. The terrain is relatively flat, and there are few natural disasters. Governments at all levels should do a good job in resource allocation between the most suitable and general suitable areas. They should take the villages in this area as the key development object, strengthen the protection of their ecological environment, and highlight the characteristics of ecology and livability.
  • The economic conditions of ethnic minority villages in the basically suitable area are relatively backward, lack development momentum, and it is difficult to maintain long-term development. Moreover, the average altitude is high, and the infrastructure construction is difficult, which is limited by natural disasters. More than half of the ethnic minority villages in Longyan city are distributed in this area. It is necessary to strengthen the emergency management of ethnic minority villages for natural disasters and improve the infrastructure construction of villages in this area as much as possible.
  • The minority villages in the unsuitable area are surrounded by mountains, poor location conditions, poor traffic conditions, and low economic level, which lead to the serious loss of the village population and accelerates the decline of villages. More than half of the ethnic minority villages in Nanping City are in this area. The provincial and municipal governments should strengthen intervention in this area and reasonably promote the village merger and population migration.

6. Conclusions and Future Work

Based on the analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics of ethnic minority villages in Fujian, this study establishes a suitability evaluation model by using GeoDetector and AHP to analyze the suitability of ethnic minority villages in Fujian. The ethnic minority villages in Fujian are divided into four categories: the most suitable, generally suitable, basically suitable, and unsuitable. The main conclusions are as follows:
  • Thirteen factors of socio-economy, natural geographical, and culture life are selected for superposition analysis with the spatial distribution points of ethnic minority villages. Through the quantification of underground detectors, it is concluded that the per capita income factor has the greatest impact on the spatial distribution suitability of Fujian minority villages. The urbanization rate, the number of ethnic minorities, and the amount of intangible cultural heritage of the county where the village is located also have a great influence. Through comprehensive evaluation, the impact of cultural life indicators on the suitability of the spatial distribution of the village is greater than that of socio-economic indicators and natural geographical indicators. The intensity relationship is 9:7:10.
  • The high suitability value is distributed in the southeast coastal and central areas of Fujian Province, and gradually decreases from east to west. The southeast coastal area of Fujian Province is flat, with a small impact of natural disasters and a dense population. Driven by the strong social economy, it is the most suitable area for ethnic minority villages to live. The regional area accounts for 21.05%, and 24% of ethnic minority villages are distributed in this area; the central and western, northwest, and southwest regions of Fujian Province have low average altitude, convenient transportation, and suitable environment, which are generally suitable for the development of ethnic minority villages. The regional area accounts for 33.59%, and 51% of ethnic minority villages are distributed in this region; the central and northern, central, and southern regions of Fujian Province have high average altitude and high sensitivity to natural disasters, which limit the economic development and construction of villages. They are basically suitable for the development of ethnic minority villages. The regional area accounts for 28.20%, and 14% of ethnic minority villages are distributed in this area; the northern and western regions of Fujian Province are surrounded by mountains and hills, far away from the southeast coastal areas with strong economic strength and low sensitivity to natural disasters. However, they are far from the County Center, with a sparse road network and inconvenient traffic. They are not suitable for village development. The regional area accounts for 17.16%, and 11% of ethnic minority villages are distributed in this region. In general, 82.84% of the area in Fujian Province is suitable for the development of minority villages, and the number of minority villages distributed in suitable areas accounts for 89%.
  • Ningde City and Quanzhou City are the most suitable cities for the number of ethnic minority villages because the ethnic minority villages in these two cities are mostly distributed in areas relatively close to the central urban area, with good economic conditions, flat terrain, and convenient transportation. Among many cities, Nanping City is the most unsuitable city for the development of ethnic minority villages, followed by Sanming City. Restricted by the terrain, Nanping City has a backward economy, sparse road network, inconvenient transportation, and does not have good development conditions, resulting in serious village population loss.
It should be noted in future research that ethnic minority villages are formed by the coordination of ethnic minorities with nature, society, and other factors in the long-term production and life practice. The suitability evaluation has the attribute of dynamic evolution. This study is limited to the data at a single time point to carry out static research on ethnic minority villages; less consideration is given to the dynamic evolution process of villages, and the indicator level and factor level are not included in the current planning strategies. In addition, the study area is mountainous and hilly terrain with frequent occurrence of natural disasters such as landslides and debris flows. The indicators of village toughness should also be considered in future research.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, X.X. and P.V.G.; methodology, X.X.; software, X.X.; validation, X.X.; formal analysis, X.X.; investigation, X.X.; resources, X.X.; data curation, X.X.; writing—original draft preparation, X.X.; writing—review and editing, X.X.; visualization, X.X.; supervision X.X. and P.V.G.; project administration, X.X. and P.V.G.; funding acquisition, P.V.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research is funded by Zhejiang University: 876 - 211 Class Project, funding project code: 113000*1942221R1/007, and the scientific research start-up fund of Qiushi Distinguished Professor of Zhejiang University School of Construction Engineering.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

Hereby thank the Fujian Provincial Office of ethnic and religious affairs for providing the list of ethnic minorities and relevant data free of charge.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Appendix A

Table A1. Statistical data of each factor classification.
Table A1. Statistical data of each factor classification.
No.NameYABCDEFGHIJKLM
1HuanghuagangY3A3B5C4D5E3F3G2H5I3J5K4L5M4
2EmeiY3A3B5C4D5E2F4G2H4I3J5K4L5M3
3furongY3A3B4C4D5E3F3G2H4I3J5K4L5M3
4DangyangY4A2B4C4D5E2F3G1H2I3J5K4L5M3
5RixiY4A2B4C4D5E3F5G1H2I3J5K4L5M3
6DongpingY4A3B4C4D5E5F3G1H3I3J5K4L5M3
7NanfengY4A3B4C4D5E3F3G1H3I3J5K4L5M3
8ShanxiuyuanY4A3B2C4D5E4F4G1H3I3J5K4L5M4
9LiujinY3A2B2C4D3E3F4G1H3I3J4K5L4M1
5TianzhuY3A5B5C5D2E3F5G1H3I2J2K3L1M2
11HouguanY3A5B3C5D2E3F5G1H3I2J2K3L1M2
12HongfengY4A4B5C5D2E2F4G1H2I2J2K3L1M2
13QiuciY3A4B5C5D2E3F4G1H3I2J2K3L1M2
14ZhenruY4A5B5C5D2E3F4G1H2I2J2K3L1M2
15XiliY4A4B5C5D2E3F5G1H3I2J2K3L2M2
16DongyanY4A3B5C5D2E2F5G2H4I3J2K3L2M2
17TangbanY4A3B4C5D2E3F5G2H4I3J2K3L2M2
18GaoyueY4A3B4C5D2E3F5G1H3I3J2K3L2M2
19LanshanY4A4B5C5D2E2F3G1H3I3J2K3L2M2
20ZhouxiY4A5B5C5D2E2F5G1H2I3J2K3L1M2
21XianpingY4A4B4C5D2E3F5G1H1I3J2K3L1M2
22LinchangY4A3B4C5D2E3F3G2H2I3J2K3L1M2
23ChishiY4A3B4C5D2E3F4G1H3I2J2K3L1M2
24HuangjiaY3A5B3C5D2E3F5G1H3I3J2K3L5M2
25Zhen’anY2A5B2C5D2E3F5G1H2I3J2K3L5M2
26DongfengY4A3B4C5D2E4F4G2H3I2J2K3L5M2
27QiliY4A3B2C5D2E4F5G1H3I3J2K3L1M2
28LiyangY4A3B2C5D2E3F5G1H3I3J2K3L1M2
29ShangtugangY4A5B5C5D4E3F4G1H2I2J4K5L4M5
30QianfangY4A5B3C5D4E3F5G2H3I3J4K5L4M5
31ZhuliY4A5B3C5D4E2F5G2H3I3J4K5L4M5
32BajingY4A5B3C5D4E3F5G2H3I3J4K5L4M5
33BaishuiY4A5B3C5D4E2F5G2H3I3J4K5L4M5
34TingyangbanY4A5B3C5D4E2F3G1H3I2J4K5L4M5
35Cao longY4A5B3C5D4E2F5G2H3I2J4K5L4M5
36HuangjiawanY4A5B3C5D4E2F5G2H3I3J4K5L4M5
37TanakaY4A5B3C5D4E1F5G2H3I3J4K5L4M5
38YangyeY4A5B3C5D4E3F3G2H2I3J4K5L4M5
39ShuikouyangY4A4B3C5D4E2F5G2H3I3J4K5L4M5
40Toad stoneY4A3B4C5D4E4F4G2H1I3J4K5L4M5
41FeizhuY4A5B3C5D4E2F5G2H3I3J4K5L4M5
42GuanluxiaY4A3B4C5D4E1F4G2H2I3J4K5L4M5
43WangYanY4A4B5C5D4E3F4G2H1I3J4K5L4M5
44YuandingY3A5B4C5D4E5F3G1H2I2J4K5L4M5
45ZhongxiaY4A5B5C5D4E5F4G2H1I3J4K5L4M5
46MeiyangY4A4B5C5D4E3F5G2H1I3J2K3L1M2
47DaxiangY4A5B5C5D4E3F4G2H2I3J4K5L4M5
48NanyangY4A5B3C5D4E3F4G2H2I3J4K5L4M5
49EthnicY4A4B5C5D4E3F4G3H2I3J4K5L4M5
50GuanY4A4B5C5D4E3F5G3H2I3J4K5L4M5
51ChexiY4A4B5C5D4E3F4G3H2I3J4K5L4M5
52ShibiexiaY4A3B4C5D4E2F4G2H3I3J4K5L4M5
53XilanY4A4B5C5D4E2F4G2H2I3J4K5L4M5
54Xu YangY4A4B5C5D4E3F4G2H1I3J4K5L4M5
55GangweiY3A2B2C5D4E3F4G1H4I3J4K5L4M5
56ChuanbianY3A2B2C5D4E3F3G1H4I3J4K5L4M5
57FuhuY4A2B2C5D4E2F5G2H4I3J4K5L4M5
58DongyuantingY4A2B2C5D4E3F3G1H4I3J5K4L5M4
59DawangliY3A2B2C5D4E3F5G1H5I3J4K5L4M5
60Wang TingYangY4A2B2C5D4E3F5G1H4I2J4K5L4M5
61XiqianY4A2B4C5D4E2F5G2H3I3J4K5L4M5
62ShanlongwanY3A2B2C5D4E3F5G1H4I3J4K5L4M5
63LishengY2A5B3C5D1E4F5G1H2I2J1K1L3M1
64YamadaY2A5B5C5D1E2F3G1H3I3J1K1L3M1
65XinY2A5B3C5D1E2F5G1H2I2J1K1L3M1
66QingfengY2A4B3C5D1E2F3G1H2I3J1K1L3M1
67Taro pitY2A5B3C5D1E5F3G1H2I3J1K1L3M1
68XiexingY2A5B5C5D1E3F4G1H3I2J1K1L3M1
69BajiaoY2A5B5C5D1E5F4G1H2I3J1K1L3M1
70TanhouY2A5B3C5D1E4F5G1H1I2J1K1L3M1
71HexiY2A5B3C5D1E2F5G1H2I3J1K1L3M1
72YanmenY2A5B5C5D1E3F3G1H2I2J1K1L3M1
73DongxiY2A4B4C5D1E3F3G1H2I3J1K1L3M1
74RuiyingY2A4B5C5D1E3F3G1H2I3J1K1L3M1
75Tai PoY2A5B3C1D2E1F5G1H4I3J5K2L4M3
76QishanY2A5B3C1D2E3F5G1H4I3J5K2L4M3
77ZhongcuoY1A4B2C1D2E2F5G1H1I2J5K2L4M3
78DongshengY2A5B5C1D2E3F5G1H3I2J5K2L4M3
79DongshanY2A4B4C1D2E1F5G2H1I3J5K2L4M3
80ZhenbianY2A5B5C1D2E3F5G1H3I3J5K2L4M3
81XincangY2A5B3C1D2E3F5G1H4I3J5K2L4M3
82QinjiangY1A5B3C1D2E2F5G1H1I2J5K4L5M1
83ZhongzhaiY1A4B3C1D5E2F5G1H1I3J1K5L5M2
84ChentangY1A5B3C4D3E2F5G1H2I3J3K2L1M5
85HongdaoY1A4B5C4D5E3F5G1H4I3J3K1L2M3
86SongzhouY1A4B5C4D5E3F5G1H5I3J3K1L2M3
87ChaPuY1A5B5C4D5E1F5G1H4I2J3K1L2M3
88PodouY1A4B5C3D2E2F5G2H3I2J2K5L5M5
89JingnomuraY3A4B2C5D2E3F5G1H3I2J4K3L3M1
90FengqingY3A4B4C5D2E2F5G1H1I2J4K3L3M1
91ShanhouY3A4B4C5D2E3F5G1H1I2J4K3L3M1
92SuxiY3A4B4C5D2E3F5G1H1I2J4K3L3M1
93DingtanY3A4B4C5D2E2F5G1H1I2J4K3L3M1
94HoudongY3A3B5C5D2E2F5G1H3I2J4K3L3M1
95Yang MeiY3A4B2C5D2E3F5G1H3I2J4K3L3M1
96YoukengY3A3B4C5D2E3F5G1H3I3J4K3L3M1
97QianyuanY3A3B4C5D2E3F5G1H3I3J4K3L3M1
98TUTAY3A3B4C5D2E2F5G1H2I3J4K3L3M1
99DahangY3A3B4C5D2E2F5G1H2I3J4K3L3M1
50ShikengY3A4B5C5D2E2F5G1H4I2J4K3L3M1
51ChilingY3A3B4C5D2E3F5G1H2I3J4K3L3M1
52ShiyiY3A3B4C5D2E2F5G1H3I2J4K3L3M1
53ShanpingY3A4B4C5D2E3F5G1H3I3J4K3L3M1
54XiapuY1A5B5C5D2E2F5G1H1I3J4K3L3M1
55LancuoY2A5B5C5D2E3F5G1H5I2J4K3L3M1
56HekengY1A5B5C5D2E1F5G1H5I2J4K3L3M1
57ShibuxiY3A4B4C5D2E1F5G1H2I3J4K3L3M1
58SiduY1A5B5C3D1E2F5G1H2I2J3K3L2M4
59GangtouY2A5B3C3D1E2F5G1H2I2J3K3L2M4
15TaipingY1A5B4C3D1E3F5G1H1I3J3K3L2M4
111MeiyingY2A5B3C3D1E2F5G1H1I2J3K3L2M4
112TingYangY2A4B5C3D1E2F5G1H1I3J3K3L2M4
113ShenhuY2A4B5C3D1E3F5G1H1I3J2K3L5M5
114HexiY1A5B4C3D1E3F4G3H1I3J3K4L3M2
115TutianY1A4B5C3D1E3F5G2H1I2J3K4L3M2
116GuansheY1A5B5C3D2E3F3G3H2I3J2K4L2M3
117PingshuiY1A4B4C3D2E2F2G2H4I3J2K4L2M3
118YushangY2A5B5C1D3E1F5G1H1I2J1K2L5M3
119XincuoY1A5B5C3D2E2F4G3H3I2J2K4L2M3
120HongxingY2A5B4C1D3E2F5G1H1I2J1K2L5M3
121DapingY1A4B4C4D1E3F2G2H1I2J1K5L3M5
122XingzhaiY3A5B3C3D2E2F5G2H3I2J5K5L4M2
123GuantouY3A5B3C3D2E3F5G2H3I3J5K5L4M2
124TangxiY3A5B3C3D2E3F5G2H3I2J5K5L4M2
125CuodouY2A3B5C3D2E2F4G2H2I3J5K5L4M2
126YuanfengY3A5B3C4D2E2F5G2H2I2J5K5L2M1
127ZhongcuoY2A5B3C4D2E2F5G2H1I3J5K5L2M1
128LongshanY2A5B3C4D2E1F5G1H2I3J5K5L2M1
129LiutingY2A5B3C4D2E1F5G1H1I3J5K5L2M1
130GuocuoY2A5B3C4D2E1F5G1H1I3J5K5L2M1
131XiaobaY2A5B5C4D2E3F5G2H1I2J5K5L1M1
132TuzhaiY3A4B3C1D4E2F5G2H1I3J5K2L3M3
133QianguoY3A4B3C1D4E2F5G2H4I3J5K2L3M3
134XintingY3A5B3C1D4E2F5G2H1I2J5K2L3M3
135ReceptionY3A5B3C1D4E1F5G2H3I3J5K2L3M3
136ShantanY1A5B5C4D1E2F3G4H3I2J1K5L3M5
137HengpingY1A5B2C4D1E4F3G4H4I2J1K5L3M5
138ShengfuY1A5B2C4D1E5F3G4H5I2J1K5L3M5
139JinchengY2A5B3C4D1E2F5G3H4I2J1K5L3M5
140NanmeiY2A5B3C4D1E2F5G3H4I2J1K5L3M5
141JinchengY2A5B5C5D3E3F4G2H3I2J4K5L3M5
142NanmeiY2A4B5C5D3E2F4G2H3I2J4K5L3M5
143DaxiY1A3B4C3D4E2F4G3H4I2J3K3L2M2
144LongtaY1A5B2C3D4E3F4G4H3I3J3K3L2M2
145LiandaiY3A5B5C1D4E2F5G1H2I3J5K2L3M3
146LichunY3A5B5C1D4E2F5G1H2I3J5K2L3M3
147BaiqiY3A5B5C1D4E2F5G1H2I3J5K2L3M3
148HouhaiY3A5B5C1D4E2F5G1H2I3J5K2L3M3
149XiadaiY3A5B5C1D4E2F5G1H2I3J5K2L3M3
150QiankengY3A5B3C4D5E2F5G1H3I3J2K3L2M1
151shinongY3A4B5C4D5E2F5G1H1I3J2K3L5M5
152GuokengY3A4B3C4D5E2F5G1H1I3J2K3L2M1
153ShiyuY3A4B5C4D5E2F5G1H1I3J2K3L2M1
154HuatingkouY3A5B3C1D3E3F5G1H3I3J3K3L1M2
155XibianY3A5B3C1D3E2F5G1H2I3J3K3L3M2
156JiangtouY3A5B3C1D3E1F5G1H2I3J3K3L3M2
157Guo CenY2A5B4C1D3E1F5G1H2I3J3K3L3M2
158ChaodaiY2A5B4C1D3E1F5G1H2I3J3K3L3M2
159XiameiY3A5B3C1D3E1F5G1H2I3J3K3L3M2
160HouxiY3A5B3C1D3E2F5G1H2I3J3K3L1M2
161AndAuY3A5B3C1D3E2F5G1H2I3J3K3L1M2
162FulinY3A5B3C1D3E2F5G1H3I3J3K3L2M2
163NishibakaY3A5B3C1D3E3F5G1H3I3J3K3L1M2
164PengtouY3A5B3C1D3E2F5G1H2I3J3K3L2M2
165SijingY3A5B3C1D3E2F5G1H2I3J3K3L1M2
166KenneiY2A4B5C1D3E1F5G2H2I3J2K3L4M2
167FengmeiY2A4B5C1D3E2F5G2H1I3J2K3L4M2
168FenglianY2A4B4C1D3E3F5G2H1I3J2K3L4M2
169PuqianY2A5B4C1D3E3F5G2H1I3J2K3L4M2
170WukengY2A5B3C1D3E3F5G1H2I3J2K3L4M2
171ShuangfuY1A5B3C5D4E3F5G1H3I3J2K4L1M1
172NanxiaY2A4B5C5D4E3F5G1H2I3J5K3L1M4
173BatouY2A3B4C5D4E1F4G2H3I3J5K3L1M4
174CompassY2A2B2C5D1E3F5G1H2I2J2K2L3M5
175QinshanY2A3B3C5D2E2F5G4H4I3J5K1L5M3
176CangxiY2A5B5C5D2E2F5G1H1I3J5K1L5M3
177LishanY2A4B5C5D2E2F5G4H2I3J5K1L5M3
178XinyaoY2A5B5C5D2E2F5G2H2I3J5K1L5M3
179YouyangY2A3B2C5D2E3F3G4H1I3J5K1L5M3
180LiuyuanY1A3B2C5D2E4F1G2H3I3J5K1L5M3
181QianxiY1A3B2C5D2E4F1G2H2I3J5K1L5M3
182BaishuiY1A5B3C3D5E4F2G3H4I3J5K5L2M2
183YangshanY1A5B3C5D5E5F3G3H4I3J4K4L5M2
184SongxiY2A5B5C3D2E3F4G1H2I3J1K3L2M2
185QingxiY2A5B5C3D2E3F4G1H3I3J1K3L2M2
186JitouY2A5B3C3D2E3F4G1H1I3J1K3L2M2
187TaishanY2A5B3C3D2E5F4G1H2I3J1K3L2M2
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428GuoyangY5A5B3C2D3E3F2G3H1I3J5K5L5M4
429XiaolingY5A5B4C4D3E5F5G2H4I3J5K5L5M3
430HecuoY5A4B5C2D3E3F2G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
431TongkengliY5A3B5C2D3E4F3G3H2I3J5K5L5M4
432XiachiY5A5B3C2D3E3F2G2H4I3J5K5L5M4
433KengmenY5A5B3C2D3E4F2G2H4I3J5K5L5M4
434ZhangwoY5A5B5C2D3E4F3G4H3I3J5K5L5M4
435ZhanglingY5A5B5C2D3E5F3G4H3I3J5K5L5M3
436WangkengY5A5B4C4D3E3F5G1H3I2J5K5L5M4
437Golden beltY5A5B4C4D3E4F5G2H3I3J5K5L5M4
438TongwanyangY5A5B4C4D3E3F4G2H5I3J5K5L5M4
439HenriY5A5B4C4D3E5F5G2H4I3J5K5L5M4
440ZhangkengY5A5B4C4D3E4F4G2H4I3J5K5L5M4
441ChangyangY5A5B4C4D3E4F5G2H4I3J5K5L5M4
442Longtan MianY5A5B4C4D3E5F3G2H5I3J5K5L5M4
443NanshantouY4A4B5C4D3E4F5G1H1I3J5K5L5M4
444LichaY5A4B5C4D3E5F5G1H1I3J5K5L5M3
445ShangshanY5A5B3C4D3E2F5G3H3I3J5K5L5M3
446EshanY4A5B4C4D3E1F3G1H2I3J5K5L5M3
447LinYangY5A5B4C4D3E2F5G1H2I2J5K5L5M3
448MashanY5A5B4C4D3E4F5G1H1I3J5K5L5M3
449LantianY5A5B4C4D3E2F4G1H1I3J5K5L5M4
450BaishaY5A5B4C4D3E2F5G1H1I3J5K5L5M4
451QishanY5A4B5C4D3E5F4G1H2I3J5K5L5M4
452CHANGKENGY5A5B5C4D3E3F5G2H2I3J5K5L5M3
453KenglikengY4A5B4C4D3E4F4G2H2I3J5K5L5M4
454QinkanY4A5B5C4D3E4F4G4H3I3J5K5L5M4
455YuxiyangY4A5B5C4D3E5F4G3H2I3J5K5L5M3
456KanxiaY5A5B5C4D3E5F4G3H1I3J5K5L5M4
457Yue XiuY5A4B4C4D3E2F4G4H4I3J5K5L5M4
458XiazhuangY5A4B3C4D3E3F3G3H1I3J5K5L5M4
459DongpingY5A5B3C4D3E4F5G3H4I3J5K5L5M4
460HengkengY5A5B5C4D3E2F5G3H4I3J5K5L5M4
461RonglingtouY4A5B3C4D3E2F5G3H3I3J5K5L5M3
462Pan YangY5A5B5C4D3E2F5G3H4I3J5K5L5M4
463DapingY5A4B5C4D3E3F5G1H1I2J5K5L5M4
464Xie LingxiaY5A5B5C4D3E4F4G3H1I3J5K5L5M4
465ShiheY5A3B4C4D3E4F5G1H1I3J5K5L5M4
466XianshiY5A5B5C4D3E4F4G4H3I3J5K5L5M4
467GUAXIY5A5B4C4D3E3F5G1H1I3J5K5L5M4
468CaihuaqiaoY5A5B5C4D3E3F5G3H5I3J5K5L5M4
469ZhuzhoushanY4A4B5C4D2E2F5G3H5I3J1K1L2M5
470XitaY5A5B4C4D3E4F4G2H2I3J5K5L5M4
471ShanliY5A4B5C4D3E4F4G2H1I2J5K5L5M4
472YangmianY5A4B5C4D3E4F4G4H3I3J5K5L5M4
473BanyuY5A5B5C4D3E5F4G3H2I3J5K5L5M4
474Chi touY5A5B5C4D3E4F4G4H3I3J5K5L5M4
475XibeiY5A5B3C4D3E3F4G3H2I3J5K5L5M4
476ZhangjiashanY5A5B4C4D3E4F4G1H2I3J5K5L5M4
477NiushanwanY5A5B5C4D3E2F5G3H4I3J5K5L5M4
478ZhuwoY5A4B5C4D3E5F4G2H5I3J5K5L5M4
479LitanY5A4B5C4D3E5F5G2H1I2J5K5L5M4
480KehouY5A5B5C2D3E4F4G3H2I3J5K5L5M4
481YankeY5A5B5C4D3E4F5G3H3I2J5K5L5M4
482ChayangY5A5B5C4D3E4F3G3H2I3J5K5L5M4
483KengyuanY5A4B3C4D3E5F3G3H1I3J5K5L5M4
484BanlingY5A4B4C4D3E2F5G1H1I2J5K5L5M4
485HouyangY4A4B4C4D3E2F3G2H1I3J5K5L5M4
486LianlingY5A5B3C4D3E2F5G3H4I3J5K5L5M4
487YankengY5A5B5C4D3E4F4G2H4I2J5K5L5M4
488Huang RuY5A4B5C4D3E1F5G1H1I3J5K5L5M4
489HutouY5A5B3C4D3E2F5G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
490YangpingY5A5B5C4D3E2F5G3H2I3J5K5L5M4
491BanshanY5A5B3C4D3E4F4G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
492ChangtanY5A5B5C4D3E2F5G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
493TingdouY5A5B5C4D3E5F5G2H1I3J5K5L5M4
494JiangjiaduY5A4B4C4D3E3F5G1H2I3J5K5L4M4
495RizhaiY5A4B4C4D3E5F5G1H1I3J5K5L5M4
496He’anY5A4B5C4D3E4F4G4H4I3J5K5L5M4
497PengjiayangY5A5B3C4D3E2F5G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
498WellheadY5A4B5C4D3E5F4G3H1I3J5K5L4M4
499Houmen PingY5A5B5C4D3E5F4G3H2I3J5K5L5M4
500Xu YangY5A5B5C4D3E1F5G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
501DalinY5A5B5C4D3E2F5G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
502XianyanY5A5B5C4D3E4F5G3H3I3J5K5L4M4
503TiehuY5A5B3C4D3E2F5G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
504MeiyangY5A5B3C4D3E4F5G3H4I3J5K5L5M4
505HanyangY5A5B3C4D3E3F5G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
506ChayangY5A5B3C4D3E4F3G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
507FengyangY5A5B3C4D3E4F4G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
508LingkengY5A5B3C4D3E5F3G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
509GaolingY5A5B3C4D3E4F4G3H2I3J5K5L5M4
55ZhongaoY5A4B3C4D3E4F4G3H2I3J5K5L5M4
511WaicuoY5A5B3C4D3E3F4G3H2I3J5K5L5M4
512HongpingY5A5B3C4D3E3F4G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
513JindouyangY5A5B3C4D3E4F5G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
514BaikengY5A5B3C4D3E3F5G3H3I2J5K5L5M4
515BaolinY5A4B2C4D3E5F5G1H2I3J5K5L5M4
516YanxiaY5A4B2C4D3E5F4G1H2I2J5K5L5M4
517WangLichunY5A5B5C4D3E5F5G2H1I2J5K5L5M4
518DaPingLiY5A5B5C4D3E3F4G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
519WanglouY5A4B5C4D3E4F5G3H1I3J5K5L5M4
520ShangyangY5A5B5C4D3E4F5G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
521NanshanY5A5B3C4D3E3F4G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
522WenyanY5A4B5C4D3E5F3G3H2I3J5K5L5M4
523DongshanY5A5B5C4D3E3F4G3H4I2J5K5L5M4
524QiulingY5A5B3C4D3E3F4G3H3I3J5K5L5M4
525ZhipingY5A5B3C4D3E4F4G3H2I3J5K5L5M4
526LushanY5A4B4C4D3E3F4G1H2I2J5K5L5M4
527FulingY5A5B5C4D3E1F5G4H2I3J5K5L5M4
528ChamenY3A5B3C4D3E2F5G3H3I3J5K5L5M2
529Ke LingY3A5B4C4D3E4F3G2H2I3J5K5L5M2
530YangliY3A5B5C4D3E5F4G3H2I3J5K5L5M2
531QiaotingY3A4B5C4D3E5F3G3H2I2J5K5L4M2
532KangshanY3A5B5C4D3E5F2G3H3I3J5K5L5M2
533FuyaoY3A4B5C4D3E5F3G3H2I3J5K5L5M2
534ChixiY4A5B5C4D3E5F4G3H4I3J5K5L4M2
535ZhuyangY3A5B5C4D3E4F4G3H4I3J5K5L4M2
536TangyangY3A5B5C4D3E5F5G2H1I3J5K5L5M2
537XiangyangY3A5B4C4D3E1F5G1H1I3J5K5L5M2
538LongtouwanY3A4B4C4D3E5F4G2H1I3J5K5L4M2
539RuiyunY3A5B5C5D3E5F3G3H2I3J5K5L5M2
540FuliuY3A5B3C5D3E2F5G3H2I3J5K5L5M2
541CaiBaoY3A2B4C5D3E2F5G2H2I3J5K5L5M2
542JingtouY1A3B5C5D4E4F5G2H1I3J5K5L5M2
543NiuchengxiaY3A3B5C5D3E4F5G2H2I3J5K5L5M2
544ZiBeiY3A2B4C5D3E4F5G2H3I3J5K5L4M2
545ChaoyangY3A2B4C5D3E5F5G2H1I3J5K5L5M2
546TingbianY3A5B3C5D3E4F5G3H3I1J5K5L5M2
547JiayangY3A5B5C5D3E2F4G3H1I3J5K5L5M2
548LuochunY3A3B5C5D3E5F5G3H1I3J5K5L5M2
549ShanganY3A3B5C5D3E3F4G2H3I3J4K3L4M5
550FangjiashanY3A2B4C5D3E3F4G2H1I2J5K5L5M2
551ShuanghuaY3A5B3C5D3E3F4G3H2I3J5K5L5M2
552gaoshanY3A2B4C5D3E2F5G2H2I3J5K5L5M2
553JiashanY3A3B5C5D3E3F3G2H2I2J5K5L5M2
554PaiyangY3A4B5C5D3E3F4G2H3I2J5K5L5M2
555HouaoY3A2B4C5D3E4F5G2H2I3J5K5L5M2
556YoukengY3A3B4C5D3E2F5G2H1I2J5K5L4M2
557YutangY1A5B5C5D1E4F3G3H1I3J4K1L5M5
558ZhenbianY1A3B5C5D1E3F4G2H2I2J4K1L4M5
559XiaojiaY1A3B4C5D1E4F5G2H1I3J4K1L5M5
560OceanY1A3B5C5D1E5F4G2H3I3J4K1L5M5
561KengkouY1A2B2C5D1E1F3G2H1I3J4K1L4M5
562QiaowanY2A2B4C5D2E3F5G2H2I2J3K4L4M5
563TaiyinY2A3B5C5D2E4F3G2H3I3J3K4L4M5
564SiqianY2A3B5C5D2E3F4G2H2I3J3K4L4M5
565DunshangY2A3B4C5D2E3F4G2H1I3J3K4L5M5
566DongshanY2A5B3C5D2E4F5G3H3I1J3K4L4M5
567WanchangY2A3B4C5D2E3F4G2H2I3J3K4L4M5
The nuclear density of ethnic minority villages (Y); the distance from the road (A); the distance from the county center (B); the population of the county where the village is located (C); the annual GDP value of the county where the village is located (D); the urbanization rate of the county where the village is located (E); the slope in the natural geographical environment (F); the altitude (G); the sliding slope sensitivity (H); the distance from the river (I); and the flood sensitivity (J); the number of intangible cultural heritage (K), the number of material cultural heritage (L), and the per capita cultivated land area (M).

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Figure 1. Location and topography of Fujian, China.
Figure 1. Location and topography of Fujian, China.
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Figure 2. Statistical diagram of the number of ethnic minority villages in cities of Fujian Province.
Figure 2. Statistical diagram of the number of ethnic minority villages in cities of Fujian Province.
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Figure 3. Superposition map of ethnic minority villages and influencing factors in Fujian Province: (a) Superposition of villages and altitude, (b) Superposition of villages and slope, (c) Superposition of villages and landslide areas, (d) Superposition of village and urbanization rate, (e) Superposition of village and economy, (f) Superposition of village and population, (g) Superposition of villages and roads, (h) Superposition of villages and river, (i) Superposition of village and County Center, (j) Population of ethnic minorities in villages, (k) Quantity of village intangible cultural heritage, (l) Quantity of village material cultural heritage, and (m) Per capita cultivated land area of villagers.
Figure 3. Superposition map of ethnic minority villages and influencing factors in Fujian Province: (a) Superposition of villages and altitude, (b) Superposition of villages and slope, (c) Superposition of villages and landslide areas, (d) Superposition of village and urbanization rate, (e) Superposition of village and economy, (f) Superposition of village and population, (g) Superposition of villages and roads, (h) Superposition of villages and river, (i) Superposition of village and County Center, (j) Population of ethnic minorities in villages, (k) Quantity of village intangible cultural heritage, (l) Quantity of village material cultural heritage, and (m) Per capita cultivated land area of villagers.
Land 11 01486 g003aLand 11 01486 g003bLand 11 01486 g003cLand 11 01486 g003dLand 11 01486 g003eLand 11 01486 g003fLand 11 01486 g003g
Figure 4. The overall flowchart of the method.
Figure 4. The overall flowchart of the method.
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Figure 5. Hierarchical analysis of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province based on various influencing factors.
Figure 5. Hierarchical analysis of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province based on various influencing factors.
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Figure 6. Grid map of suitability evaluation values of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province.
Figure 6. Grid map of suitability evaluation values of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province.
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Figure 7. Classification of the suitability evaluation of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province.
Figure 7. Classification of the suitability evaluation of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province.
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Table 1. Analysis of influencing factors of the spatial distribution of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province.
Table 1. Analysis of influencing factors of the spatial distribution of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province.
ABCDEFGHIJKLM
q value0.060.070.510.380.130.150.080.160.110.360.310.250.23
Table 2. Interaction analysis of influencing factors of the spatial distribution of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province.
Table 2. Interaction analysis of influencing factors of the spatial distribution of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province.
InteractionABCDEFGHIJKLM
A0.060.130.540.470.120.100.150.120.080.400.420.360.33
B0.130.070.550.440.140.140.230.130.090.370.390.320.34
C0.540.550.510.720.540.550.580.520.530.670.630.670.73
D0.470.440.720.380.410.420.460.420.390.610.590.560.56
E0.120.140.540.410.030.130.130.090.050.360.330.270.26
F0.100.140.550.420.130.050.170.110.080.390.370.330.31
G0.150.230.580.460.130.170.080.130.090.400.380.360.33
H0.120.130.520.420.090.110.130.010.040.340.330.290.26
I0.080.090.530.390.050.080.090.040.010.330.330.260.24
J0.400.370.670.610.360.390.400.340.330.310.570.530.54
K0.420.390.630.590.330.370.380.330.330.570.310.540.56
L0.360.320.670.560.270.330.360.290.260.530.540.250.51
M0.330.340.730.560.260.310.330.260.240.540.560.510.23
Table 3. Evaluation indicator table of the suitability of spatial distribution of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province.
Table 3. Evaluation indicator table of the suitability of spatial distribution of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province.
Middle LayersWeightIndicatorsWeightStandard for GradingValue
Natural geographical indicators0.3391Flood sensitivity0.0262Highly sensitive3
Moderate sensitivity6
Insensitive9
Slop (°)0.0440<29
2~67
6~155
15~253
>251
Altitude (m)0.0490−12~1949
194~4317
431~6655
665~9503
950~21911
Distance from river (km)0.0490<29
2~57
5~105
10~153
>151
Landslide sensitivity0.0294Extremely sensitive0
Highly sensitive2
Moderate sensitivity5
Mild sensitivity7
Insensitive9
Socio-economic indicators0.3722Per capita income of villages0.1524<50001
5000~10,0003
10,000~30,0005
30,000~50,0007
>50,0009
Infrastructure degree (%)0.0912<501
50~603
60~705
70~807
>809
Distance from County Center (km)0.0332<109
10~207
20~305
30~403
>401
Distance from road (km)0.0351<59
5~107
10~205
20~303
>301
cultural life0.2887Minority population0.1658<5001
500~10003
1000~50005
5000~10,0007
>10,0009
Intangible cultural heritage0.1413<21
3~53
5~85
8~107
>109
Material cultural heritage0.0829<51
5~103
10~155
15~207
>209
Per capita cultivated land area (m2)0.10041331
3333
6665
666~13327
>1300 m29
Table 4. Classification standard for suitability evaluation of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province.
Table 4. Classification standard for suitability evaluation of ethnic minority villages in Fujian Province.
GradeThreshold DivisionSuitability Classification
I6.8392–8.3835Most suitable
II5.0695–6.8392Generally suitable
III3.4753–5.0695Basically suitable
IV2.2846–3.4753Unsuitable
Table 5. Statistical results of suitability classification of the ethnic minority village in Fujian Province.
Table 5. Statistical results of suitability classification of the ethnic minority village in Fujian Province.
GradeArea PercentageNumber of VillagesPercentage of Quantity
I21.05%13424%
II33.59%29251%
III28.20%7714%
IV17.16%6411%
Table 6. Statistical results of suitability classification of ethnic minority villages in cities of Fujian Province.
Table 6. Statistical results of suitability classification of ethnic minority villages in cities of Fujian Province.
CityNumber of Ethnic Minority VillagesPercentagePercentage
Grade IGrade IIGrade IIIGrade IV
Fuzhou8214.46%3.20%9.42%1.84%0.00%
Longyan518.99%0.00%4.05%4.94%0.00%
Nanping488.47%0.00%1.85%2.49%4.13%
Ningde24443.03%18.25%20.87%1.67%2.24%
Putian111.94%0.00%1.75%0.19%0.00%
Quanzhou508.82%6.56%1.94%0.33%0.00%
Sanming437.58%0.00%2.11%2.95%2.51%
Xiamen20.35%0.35%0.00%0.00%0.00%
Zhangzhou366.35%0.92%4.23%0.62%0.58%
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Xu, X.; Genovese, P.V. Assessment on the Spatial Distribution Suitability of Ethnic Minority Villages in Fujian Province Based on GeoDetector and AHP Method. Land 2022, 11, 1486. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091486

AMA Style

Xu X, Genovese PV. Assessment on the Spatial Distribution Suitability of Ethnic Minority Villages in Fujian Province Based on GeoDetector and AHP Method. Land. 2022; 11(9):1486. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091486

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xu, Xiang, and Paolo Vincenzo Genovese. 2022. "Assessment on the Spatial Distribution Suitability of Ethnic Minority Villages in Fujian Province Based on GeoDetector and AHP Method" Land 11, no. 9: 1486. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091486

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