The Flows of Nature to People, and of People to Nature: Applying Movement Concepts to Ecosystem Services
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Applying Existing Theories of Movement to ‘People to Nature’
2.1. Migration Theory Applied to ‘People to Nature’
2.2. Animal Foraging Theory Applied to ‘People to Nature’
2.3. Landscape Connectivity Literature Applied to ‘People to Nature’
3. Mapping and Modelling ‘People to Nature’ Behaviours
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Flow | Mechanism | Example of Ecosystem Service | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Nature to people (N2P) | In situ Services are provided and accessed in the same area | Aesthetics—beautiful surroundings, with light flowing via the line of sight (cultural) Existence value, accessed through media (cultural) | [25] [45] |
Gravitational From uplands to lowlands | Flood regulation provided by forested slopes (regulating) | [46] | |
Directional Benefits flow in one direction | Pollination—from habitat to crops (regulating) | [47] | |
Omni-directional Benefits flow in all directions | Carbon storage—global benefit (regulating) | [24] | |
People to nature (P2N) | In Situ Services accessed from base, no movement needed | Gardens providing aesthetics, wildlife, sense of place (cultural) | [48] |
Single-stage journey | To go to a park for recreation (cultural) Journey itself may be the service—recreation (cultural) | [49] | |
Multi-stage journey | To go to a National Park for recreation, wildlife watching. Journey may be by train, bus or taxi, then hiking (cultural) Journey itself or one stage may be the service—recreation (cultural) | [37] | |
Active Commute | Connection with nature is not the primary aim of the journey | [50] |
Theory | Description | Application to ‘People to Nature’ |
---|---|---|
Push-pull-mooring (PPM) [55] |
|
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Inverse distance law [36] |
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Gravity model [36] |
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Law of intervening opportunities [67] |
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Radiation Model [68] |
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Theory | Details | Application to ‘People to Nature’ |
---|---|---|
Marginal Value Theorem [80] |
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Ideal Free Distribution [86] |
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Central Place Foraging [81] |
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Movement Ecology Paradigm [91] |
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Dolan, R.; Bullock, J.M.; Jones, J.P.G.; Athanasiadis, I.N.; Martinez-Lopez, J.; Willcock, S. The Flows of Nature to People, and of People to Nature: Applying Movement Concepts to Ecosystem Services. Land 2021, 10, 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10060576
Dolan R, Bullock JM, Jones JPG, Athanasiadis IN, Martinez-Lopez J, Willcock S. The Flows of Nature to People, and of People to Nature: Applying Movement Concepts to Ecosystem Services. Land. 2021; 10(6):576. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10060576
Chicago/Turabian StyleDolan, Rachel, James M. Bullock, Julia P. G. Jones, Ioannis N. Athanasiadis, Javier Martinez-Lopez, and Simon Willcock. 2021. "The Flows of Nature to People, and of People to Nature: Applying Movement Concepts to Ecosystem Services" Land 10, no. 6: 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10060576