Effects of Urbanization on Landscape Patterns in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data Sources and Processiong
3.2. Study Methods
3.2.1. Land Use Transfer Matrix
3.2.2. Quantification of Landscape Patterns
3.2.3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Land Use Change in the MRYRR from 1990 to 2015
4.1.1. Characteristics of Spatiotemporal Change of Land Use
4.1.2. Characteristics of Land Use Transfer Changes
4.2. Changes in Landscape Patterns in MRYRR from 1990 to 2015
4.2.1. Changes Metrics of Landscape Scale in the Study Area
4.2.2. Changes of Horizontal Pattern of Landscape Types in the Study Area
4.3. Urbanization Process and Its Relationship with Land Use and Landscape Pattern
4.3.1. The Urbanization Process in MRYRR from 1990 to 2015
4.3.2. The Relationship between Land Use Change, Urbanization and Landscape Driving Factors
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Types | Abbreviation | Content |
---|---|---|
Land use types | GL | Grassland |
CL | Cropland | |
SL | Shrubland | |
OL | Orchard | |
BL | Built-up land | |
WL | Wasteland | |
WB | Water bodies | |
FL | Forestland | |
Landscape metrics | NP | Number patches |
PD | Patch density | |
LPI | Largest Patch Index | |
MPS | Mean Patch Area | |
CONTAG | Contagion index | |
SHID | Shannon diversity index | |
COHESION | Patch Cohesion Index | |
LSI | Landscape shape index | |
Socioeconomic factors | POP | Population |
RUR | Rural residents | |
URR | Urban residents | |
GDP | Gross domestic product | |
PGDP | Per capital Gross domestic product | |
PRI | Primary sector | |
SEC | Secondary sector | |
TER | Tertiary sector | |
Others | MRYRR | Middle reaches of the Yangtze River region |
Land Use Types | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2015 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (km2) | Percentage (%) | Area (km2) | Percentage (%) | Area (km2) | Percentage (%) | Area (km2) | Percentage (%) | |
CL | 177,513 | 31.47 | 175,989 | 31.2 | 173,947 | 30.84 | 171,497 | 30.41 |
FL | 283,779 | 50.31 | 284,958 | 50.52 | 284,246 | 50.4 | 280,971 | 49.82 |
SL | 41,060 | 7.28 | 40,458 | 7.17 | 39,899 | 7.07 | 39,647 | 7.03 |
OL | 3072 | 0.54 | 2909 | 0.52 | 3957 | 0.7 | 6077 | 1.08 |
GL | 22,786 | 4.04 | 22,403 | 3.97 | 21,931 | 3.89 | 22,130 | 3.92 |
WB | 23,945 | 4.25 | 24,687 | 4.38 | 25,784 | 4.58 | 26,003 | 4.61 |
BL | 9762 | 1.73 | 10,511 | 1.86 | 12,336 | 2.19 | 15,865 | 2.81 |
WL | 2083 | 0.37 | 2085 | 0.37 | 1900 | 0.34 | 1810 | 0.32 |
CL | FL | SL | OL | GL | WB | BL | WL | 1990 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CL | 102,176.00 | 51,661.00 | 5242.00 | 772.00 | 3736.00 | 7555.00 | 6080.00 | 291.00 | 177,513.00 |
FL | 49,664.00 | 199,864.00 | 18,792.00 | 1146.00 | 9799.00 | 2891.00 | 1583.00 | 40.00 | 283,779.00 |
SL | 6363.00 | 19,093.00 | 14,581.00 | 125.00 | 223.00 | 472.00 | 196.00 | 7.00 | 41,060.00 |
OL | 797.00 | 1215.00 | 144.00 | 590.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 326.00 | 0.00 | 3072.00 |
GL | 3980.00 | 8010.00 | 1026.00 | 103.00 | 8632.00 | 0.00 | 390.00 | 645.00 | 22,786.00 |
WB | 7180.00 | 3138.00 | 673.00 | 173.00 | 0.00 | 12,781.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 23,945.00 |
BL | 5579.00 | 1929.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 306.00 | 1916.00 | 32.00 | 9762.00 |
WL | 250.00 | 48.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 13.00 | 682.00 | 20.00 | 1070.00 | 2083.00 |
2000 | 175,989.00 | 284,958.00 | 40,458.00 | 2909.00 | 22,403.00 | 24,687.00 | 10,511.00 | 2085.00 | 64,500.00 |
CL | FL | SL | OL | GL | WB | BL | WL | 2000 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CL | 173,418.00 | 162.00 | 22.00 | 157.00 | 15.00 | 969.00 | 1221.00 | 25.00 | 177,513.00 |
FL | 194.00 | 283,100.00 | 40.00 | 966.00 | 34.00 | 149.00 | 474.00 | 1.00 | 283,779.00 |
SL | 20.00 | 504.00 | 39,803.00 | 54.00 | 3.00 | 30.00 | 41.00 | 3.00 | 41,060.00 |
OL | 6.00 | 127.00 | 8.00 | 2738.00 | 5.00 | 9.00 | 16.00 | 0.00 | 3072.00 |
GL | 59.00 | 331.00 | 26.00 | 37.00 | 21,846.00 | 69.00 | 30.00 | 5.00 | 22,786.00 |
WB | 227.00 | 19.00 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 25.00 | 24,172.00 | 82.00 | 159.00 | 23,945.00 |
BL | 7.00 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 23.00 | 10,471.00 | 5.00 | 9762.00 |
WL | 16.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 363.00 | 1.00 | 1702.00 | 2083.00 |
2010 | 173,947.00 | 284,246.00 | 39,899.00 | 3957.00 | 21,931.00 | 25,784.00 | 12,336.00 | 1900.00 | 64,500.00 |
CL | FL | SL | OL | GL | WB | BL | WL | 2010 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CL | 171,180.00 | 65.00 | 3.00 | 240.00 | 15.00 | 316.00 | 2123.00 | 5.00 | 173,947.00 |
FL | 96.00 | 280,644.00 | 38.00 | 1871.00 | 394.00 | 76.00 | 1127.00 | 0.00 | 284,246.00 |
SL | 5.00 | 37.00 | 39,588.00 | 112.00 | 20.00 | 16.00 | 121.00 | 0.00 | 39,899.00 |
OL | 18.00 | 132.00 | 8.00 | 3757.00 | 6.00 | 10.00 | 26.00 | 0.00 | 3957.00 |
GL | 11.00 | 33.00 | 2.00 | 88.00 | 21,683.00 | 8.00 | 105.00 | 1.00 | 21,931.00 |
WB | 127.00 | 24.00 | 6.00 | 3.00 | 11.00 | 25,450.00 | 145.00 | 18.00 | 25,784.00 |
BL | 59.00 | 36.00 | 2.00 | 5.00 | 0.00 | 16.00 | 12,218.00 | 0.00 | 12,336.00 |
WL | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 111.00 | 0.00 | 1786.00 | 1900.00 |
2015 | 171,497.00 | 280,971.00 | 39,647.00 | 6077.00 | 22,130.00 | 26,003.00 | 15,865.00 | 1810.00 | 64,500.00 |
CL | FL | SL | OL | GL | WB | BL | WL | 1990 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CL | 99,138.00 | 50,062.00 | 5152.00 | 1502.00 | 3658.00 | 8751.00 | 8950.00 | 300.00 | 177,513.00 |
FL | 48,910.00 | 197,041.00 | 18,427.00 | 3260.00 | 9887.00 | 3075.00 | 3134.00 | 45.00 | 283,779.00 |
SL | 6284.00 | 18,577.00 | 13,675.00 | 270.00 | 1404.00 | 483.00 | 361.00 | 6.00 | 41,060.00 |
OL | 780.00 | 1199.00 | 136.00 | 658.00 | 160.00 | 74.00 | 62.00 | 3.00 | 3072.00 |
GL | 3943.00 | 9626.00 | 1802.00 | 251.00 | 6498.00 | 365.00 | 284.00 | 17.00 | 22,786.00 |
WB | 6868.00 | 3014.00 | 303.00 | 89.00 | 390.00 | 11,689.00 | 1047.00 | 545.00 | 23,945.00 |
BL | 5327.00 | 1406.00 | 146.00 | 44.00 | 120.00 | 691.00 | 1991.00 | 37.00 | 9762.00 |
WL | 247.00 | 46.00 | 6.00 | 3.00 | 13.00 | 875.00 | 36.00 | 857.00 | 2083.00 |
2015 | 171,497.00 | 280,971.00 | 39,647.00 | 6077.00 | 22,130.00 | 26,003.00 | 15,865.00 | 1810.00 | 64,500.00 |
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Land Cover Types | Description |
---|---|
Grassland (GL) | Refers to growing herbaceous plants, including pasture or mainly pasture. |
Cropland (CL) | Refers to land for planting crops, including cultivated land, new open wasteland, wheeled land, and crop fields so as to cultivate rice, lotus root, and other aquatic crops. |
Forestland (FL) | It mainly refers to natural forests and plantations |
Shrubland (SL) | Short woodlands and shrubs. |
Orchard (OL) | Refers to many years of intensive planting of woody and herbaceous crops for the intensive management of fruit, leaves, roots, stems, and juices. |
Built-up land (BL) | All types of manmade structures: Residential, industrial, agricultural commercial and services; transportation and utilities. |
Waterbodies (WB) | Refers to natural land waters and land for water conservancy facilities, including reservoirs, ponds, rivers, lakes, snow, oceans and submerged land, etc. |
Wasteland (WL) | The surface is rock or gravel, bare soils, sand, and bare stone. |
Structural Category | Landscape Metrics | Abbreviation | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Area/Density | Patch density | PD | Number of patches per unit area in a landscape |
Largest Patch Index | LPI | Area of the largest patch | |
Mean Patch Area | MPS | The average mean surface of patches | |
Number patches | NP | The total number of patches can reflect the spatial pattern of landscape | |
Diversity | Shannon diversity index | SHDI | Detection of Landscape Diversity |
Connectivity | Patch Cohesion Index | COHESION | Increases as the patches of the corresponding patch type become less connected |
Contagion index | CONTAG | The degree of aggregation and extension of certain patches within a landscape | |
Shape | Landscape shape index | LSI | Represents the complexity of the boundary shape |
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Yi, Y.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, G.; Xing, L.; Zhong, Q.; Liu, J.; Lin, Y.; Zheng, X.; Yang, N.; Sun, H.; et al. Effects of Urbanization on Landscape Patterns in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Region. Land 2021, 10, 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101025
Yi Y, Zhang C, Zhang G, Xing L, Zhong Q, Liu J, Lin Y, Zheng X, Yang N, Sun H, et al. Effects of Urbanization on Landscape Patterns in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Region. Land. 2021; 10(10):1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101025
Chicago/Turabian StyleYi, Yang, Chen Zhang, Guilian Zhang, Luqi Xing, Qicheng Zhong, Jialin Liu, Yichen Lin, Xiewei Zheng, Na Yang, Hao Sun, and et al. 2021. "Effects of Urbanization on Landscape Patterns in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Region" Land 10, no. 10: 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101025