Monitoring of Land Use–Land Cover Change and Potential Causal Factors of Climate Change in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, through GIS and Multi-Temporal Satellite Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To identify temporal LULC changes during the last 30 years and farmers’ perception regarding climate change and LULC variations;
- To analyze and map NDVI, NDBI, and LULC changes by using satellite data;
- To compare the various characteristics of LULC, NDBI, and NDVI during the past 30 years.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methods and Materials
2.2.1. Satellite Data
2.2.2. Survey Data
2.2.3. Climatic Data
2.3. Image Classification
2.4. Assessment of NDVI and NDBI
2.5. Accuracy Estimation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Farmers’ Perceptions about Temperature and LULC
3.2. Climate Factors of the Research Area
3.3. LULC Change Detection
3.4. The NDVI and NDBI
3.5. Accuracy Assessment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sr. # | Acquirement Date | Data Type | Resolution | Sensors | Path/Rows |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 17/3/1990 | Landsat imagery | 30 m | TM | 150/037 150/038 |
2. | 25/3/2000 | Landsat imagery | 30 m | TM | 150/037 150/038 |
3. | 12/3/2010 | Landsat imagery | 30 m | ETM+ | 150/037 150/038 |
4. | 9/3/2020 | Landsat imagery | 30 m | OLI | 150/037 150/038 |
Sr. # | Climatic Variables | Feedback | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
1 | LULC variations | Yes | 82 |
No | 18 | ||
2 | Temperature | Increase | 94.5 |
Reduction | 5.5 | ||
No change | 0 | ||
3 | Irrigation water | Increase | 25.3 |
Reduction | 63.5 | ||
No change | 12.2 |
Sr. # | Climatic Variables | Feedback | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Rainfall period | High | 37.2 |
Low | 57.6 | ||
No variation | 16.2 | ||
2 | Number of events of rainfall | High | 14.3 |
Low | 80 | ||
No variation | 6.7 | ||
3 | Rainfall density | High | 22.5 |
Low | 72.5 | ||
No variation | 5 |
LULU | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 1990–2020 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ha | % | Ha | % | Ha | % | Ha | % | Ha | % | |
Forest | 25,710.89 | 7.11 | 21,313.15 | 5.90 | 16,190.64 | 4.48 | 12,182.64 | 3.36 | −13,528.25 | −3.74 |
Cultivated area | 179,025.57 | 49.54 | 192,955.93 | 53.39 | 215,529.7 | 59.64 | 229,096.76 | 63.39 | 50,071.19 | 13.86 |
River | 34,742.13 | 9.61 | 30,742.13 | 8.51 | 22,777.12 | 6.30 | 14,785.12 | 4.09 | −19,957.01 | −5.52 |
Barren land | 114,885.09 | 31.79 | 108,358.77 | 29.98 | 96,244.73 | 26.63 | 92,692.26 | 25.65 | −22,192.83 | −6.14 |
Built-up area | 7030.51 | 1.95 | 8024.21 | 2.22 | 10,652 | 2.95 | 12,637.41 | 3.50 | 5606.9 | 1.55 |
361,394.19 | 100 | 361,394.19 | 100 | 361,394.19 | 100 | 361,394.19 | 100 |
Years | NDVI | NDBI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum | Minimum | Average | Maximum | Mininim | Average | |
1990 | 0.86 | −0.12 | 0.37 | 0.45 | −0.36 | 0.045 |
2000 | 0.75 | −0.17 | 0.29 | 0.54 | −0.25 | 0.145 |
2010 | 0.62 | −0.28 | 0.17 | 0.58 | −0.2 | 0.19 |
2020 | 0.56 | −0.32 | 0.12 | 0.72 | −0.18 | 0.27 |
LULC Classes | Season and Class | Overall Accuracy | K | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Producers’ Accuracy (%) | Consumers’ Accuracy (%) | |||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Avg. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Avg. | |||||
1990 | 90.2 | 85.2 | 83.7 | 86.7 | 81.2 | 83.2 | 83.2 | 88.1 | 89.7 | 92.5 | 90.7 | 88.8 | 0.93 | 0.86 |
2000 | 88.1 | 88 | 91.3 | 85.1 | 88.1 | 88.1 | 86.7 | 86.2 | 85 | 88.1 | 82.5 | 85.7 | 0.87 | 0.82 |
2010 | 85.6 | 84.4 | 87.4 | 90.8 | 84.3 | 86.5 | 88.9 | 86.7 | 88 | 82.4 | 87.5 | 86.7 | 0.91 | 0.89 |
2020 | 83.2 | 80.1 | 86.5 | 88.7 | 89.5 | 85.6 | 92 | 92 | 85.3 | 80 | 89.1 | 87.3 | 0.88 | 0.85 |
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Majeed, M.; Tariq, A.; Anwar, M.M.; Khan, A.M.; Arshad, F.; Mumtaz, F.; Farhan, M.; Zhang, L.; Zafar, A.; Aziz, M.; et al. Monitoring of Land Use–Land Cover Change and Potential Causal Factors of Climate Change in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, through GIS and Multi-Temporal Satellite Data. Land 2021, 10, 1026. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101026
Majeed M, Tariq A, Anwar MM, Khan AM, Arshad F, Mumtaz F, Farhan M, Zhang L, Zafar A, Aziz M, et al. Monitoring of Land Use–Land Cover Change and Potential Causal Factors of Climate Change in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, through GIS and Multi-Temporal Satellite Data. Land. 2021; 10(10):1026. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101026
Chicago/Turabian StyleMajeed, Muhammad, Aqil Tariq, Muhammad Mushahid Anwar, Arshad Mahmood Khan, Fahim Arshad, Faisal Mumtaz, Muhammad Farhan, Lili Zhang, Aroosa Zafar, Marjan Aziz, and et al. 2021. "Monitoring of Land Use–Land Cover Change and Potential Causal Factors of Climate Change in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, through GIS and Multi-Temporal Satellite Data" Land 10, no. 10: 1026. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101026