Effects of Irrigation with Saline Water on Crop Growth and Yield in Greenhouse Cultivation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimetnal Design
2.2. Water Quality, Soil, and Plant Monitoring
2.2.1. Irrigation Water Quality
2.2.2. Soil
2.2.3. Crop Growth and Yields
2.2.4. Sodium Accumulation in Crops
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Lettuce
3.1.1. Irrigation Water
3.1.2. Soil
3.1.3. Crop Growth and Yield
3.1.4. Sodium Accumulation in Crops
3.2. Chinese Cabbage
3.2.1. Irrigation Water
3.2.2. Soil
3.2.3. Crop Growth and Yield
3.2.4. Sodium Accumulation in Crops
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PH (1:5) | ECe (dS/m) | CEC (cmol/kg) | T-N (%) | T-P (mg/kg) | P2O5 | O.M. (%) | Exchangeable Cation (mg/kg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Na+ | K+ | |||||||
5.6 | 8.5 | 73.2 | 0.596 | 1676.0 | 1521.5 | 65.5 | 4534.8 | 1935.5 | 1042.1 | 5478.8 |
Vegetable | Experiment | Seeding Date | Harvesting Date | Total Amount of Irrigation Water |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lettuce | First | 19.June 2015 | 6 August 2015 | 5.6 L |
Second | 7 August 2015 | 24 September 2015 | 5.9 L | |
Chinese cabbage | First | 5 June 2015 | 10 July 2015 | 5.0 L |
Second | 24 July 2015 | 28 August 2015 | 3.6L |
Vegetable | TR#01 | TR#02 | TR#03 | TR#04 | TR#05 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lettuce | 0.3 dS/m | 0.7 dS/m | 0.9 dS/m | 1.1 dS/m | 1.4 dS/m |
Chinese cabbage | 0.3 dS/m | 0.9 dS/m | 1.2 dS/m | 1.5 dS/m | 1.9 dS/m |
Treatments | pH (1:5) | T-N (mg/L) | T-P (mg/L) | Ca2+ (mg/L) | Mg2+ (mg/L) | Na+ (mg/L) | K+ (mg/L) | Cl− (mg/L) | SO42− (mg/L) | NO3− (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TR#01 | 8.5 | 2.75 | ND | 34.08 | 5.79 | 8.23 | 1.84 | 17.0 | 10.2 | 2.3 |
TR#02 | 8.3 | 2.03 | ND | 32.04 | 5.35 | 71.70 | 2.09 | 108.9 | 9.7 | 1.8 |
TR#03 | 8.4 | 2.21 | ND | 31.45 | 5.23 | 108.13 | 2.14 | 161.1 | 9.8 | 1.7 |
TR#04 | 8.4 | 2.00 | ND | 31.95 | 5.24 | 144.13 | 2.21 | 209.5 | 9.6 | 1.6 |
TR#05 | 8.3 | 2.30 | ND | 31.81 | 5.23 | 204.31 | 2.39 | 291.0 | 9.7 | 1.8 |
Treatment | pH (1:5) | ECe (dS/m) | CEC (cmol/kg) | T-N (%) | T-P (mg/kg) | P2O5 (mg/kg) | O.M. (%) | Exchangeable Cation (mg/kg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Na+ | K+ | ||||||||
L_TR#01 | 6.1 | 6.77 | 72.95 | 0.627 | 905.87 | 434.78 | 59.71 | 7154.25 | 2074.11 | 1414.89 | 1963.74 |
L_TR#02 | 6.3 | 8.01 | 73.34 | 0.663 | 748.93 | 344.56 | 45.57 | 7570.83 | 1990.77 | 1836.78 | 2118.81 |
L_TR#03 | 6.1 | 17.72 | 76.83 | 0.693 | 659.17 | 284.79 | 67.74 | 7688.73 | 2085.51 | 2544.09 | 2336.58 |
L_TR#04 | 6.1 | 18.21 | 78.84 | 0.629 | 867.40 | 435.60 | 61.56 | 7093.77 | 1956.78 | 3031.32 | 2253.69 |
L_TR#05 | 6.4 | 19.64 | 79.88 | 0.592 | 767.10 | 303.74 | 65.39 | 7647.57 | 1949.40 | 3775.17 | 2274.39 |
Treatments | Leaf Number (ea) | Leaf Length (cm) | Leaf Width (cm) | Fresh Weight (g) | Na+ (mg/kg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Shoot | |||||
First experiment | ||||||
L-TR#01 | 22.0 ± 1.0a | 18.2 ± 2.1a | 18.5 ± 0.5a | 133.3 ± 6.4a | 120.3 ± 3.2a | 7398.7 ± 2467.8a |
L-TR#02 | 22.3 ± 0.6a | 17.3 ± 0.3a | 17.6 ± 1.4a | 137.7 ± 9.1a | 124.7 ± 9.6a | 8508.9 ± 3391.8a |
L-TR#03 | 22.7 ± 1.5a | 17.7 ± 0.8a | 17.6 ± 1.3a | 141.7 ± 7.6a | 128.7 ± 10.0a | 8928.0 ± 343.0a |
L-TR#04 | 23.3 ± 1.5a | 16.6 ± 0.7a | 17.7 ± 2.0a | 136.0 ± 8.2a | 123.7 ± 13.6a | 9476.2 ± 3075.2a |
L-TR#05 | 22.7 ± 0.6a | 17.9 ± 1.8a | 18.1 ± 0.6a | 138.0 ± 5.3a | 128.3 ± 4.7a | 9646.1 ± 1147.7a |
F | 0.579 | 0.590 | 0.281 | 0.502 | 0.441 | 0.301 |
p | 0.685 | 0.677 | 0.884 | 0.735 | 0.777 | 0.871 |
Second experiment | ||||||
L-TR#01 | 19.0 ± 2.5a | 17.7 ± 1.1a | 20.8 ± 0.4a | 144.5 ± 7.8abc | 130.0 ± 5.7ab | 7457.1 ± 157.5a |
L-TR#02 | 19.0 ± 0.0a | 17.6 ± 0.8a | 20.2 ± 1.5a | 146.7 ± 2.5bc | 127.0±3.6ab | 10,679.2±1242.4b |
L-TR#03 | 20.5 ± 0.7a | 18.3 ± 0.1a | 21.1 ± 0.7a | 152.0 ± 4.2c | 134.0 ± 2.8b | 12,848.0 ± 748.6bc |
L-TR#04 | 18.3 ± 1.2a | 17.8 ± 0.5a | 19.3 ± 1.0a | 133.7 ± 3.8ab | 116.3 ± 6.8a | 13,513.9 ± 589.1bc |
L-TR#05 | 18.0 ± 0.0a | 17.0 ± 0.6a | 20.2 ± 1.1a | 131.7 ± 5.5a | 117.7 ± 6.1ab | 13,689.1 ± 1090.5c |
F | 1.860 | 1.805 | 0.975 | 0.690 | 5.105 | 19.855 |
p | 0.221 | 0.221 | 0.472 | 0.005 | 0.024 | 0.000 |
Treatments | Ph (1:5) | T-N (mg/L) | T-P (mg/L) | Ca2+ (mg/L) | Mg2+ (mg/L) | Na+ (mg/L) | K+ (mg/L) | Cl− (mg/L) | SO42− (mg/L) | NO3− (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TR#01 | 8.4 | 2.23 | ND | 32.95 | 5.57 | 8.16 | 1.76 | 17.1 | 9.8 | 1.9 |
TR#02 | 8.6 | 2.18 | ND | 31.94 | 5.33 | 105.65 | 2.17 | 155.9 | 9.8 | 1.8 |
TR#03 | 8.4 | 2.48 | ND | 31.97 | 5.30 | 168.50 | 2.35 | 243.0 | 9.8 | 2.0 |
TR#04 | 8.7 | 2.15 | ND | 33.48 | 5.60 | 194.74 | 2.55 | 319.1 | 9.8 | 1.8 |
TR#05 | 8.5 | 2.36 | ND | 30.94 | 5.08 | 264.08 | 2.50 | 387.8 | 9.7 | 1.9 |
Treatment | Ph (1:5) | ECe (dS/m) | CEC (cmol/kg) | T-N (%) | T-P (mg/kg) | P2O5 (mg/kg) | O.M. (%) | Exchangeable Cation (mg/kg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Na+ | K+ | ||||||||
C_TR#01 | 6.1 | 6.20 | 74.08 | 0.612 | 880.00 | 339.47 | 66.43 | 6681.51 | 1668.51 | 907.44 | 2031.90 |
C_TR#02 | 6.2 | 9.33 | 76.04 | 0.606 | 708.90 | 213.15 | 60.35 | 6521.01 | 1589.76 | 2136.27 | 1604.37 |
C_TR#03 | 6.0 | 15.69 | 75.85 | 0.629 | 788.55 | 251.06 | 67.94 | 5851.71 | 1385.25 | 3012.78 | 2446.56 |
C_TR#04 | 5.9 | 16.83 | 73.69 | 0.437 | 839.3 | 217.68 | 61.56 | 5004.60 | 1184.49 | 3116.13 | 1784.73 |
C_TR#05 | 6.0 | 18.69 | 67.25 | 0.460 | 722.5 | 165.90 | 60.55 | 5077.89 | 1149.63 | 3782.40 | 1780.29 |
Treatments | Leaf Number (ea) | Leaf Length (cm) | Leaf Width (cm) | Fresh Weight (g) | Na+ (mg/kg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Shoot | |||||
First experiment | ||||||
C-TR#01 | 23.3 ± 0.6a | 25.9 ± 0.8a | 18.4 ± 0.6a | 189.3 ± 12.1a | 172.3 ± 0.6ab | 10,279.0 ± 1095.1a |
C-TR#02 | 25.0 ± 1.0ab | 27.0 ± 0.0ab | 18.8 ± 1.5a | 183.7 ± 1.5a | 175.3 ± 1.5ab | 14,444.7 ± 1815.2b |
C-TR#03 | 26.0 ± 1.0b | 28.0 ± 0.9b | 20.2 ± 1.6a | 184.0 ± 7.5a | 176.0 ± 5.0ab | 15,511.3 ± 893.6b |
C-TR#04 | 26.3 ± 0.6b | 27.5 ± 0.7ab | 19.5 ± 0.8a | 187.0 ± 6.1a | 178.7 ± 3.1b | 14,921.0 ± 829.5b |
C-TR#05 | 24.7 ± 1.2ab | 28.8 ± 0.3b | 19.7 ± 0.3a | 168.3 ± 7.6a | 163.7 ± 9.9a | 19,241.0 ± 1324.8c |
F | 5.292 | 4.535 | 1.314 | 3.402 | 3.738 | 19.767 |
p | 0.015 | 0.024 | 0.330 | 0.053 | 0.041 | 0.000 |
Second experiment | ||||||
C-TR#01 | 19.3 ± 0.0a | 26.4 ± 0.8a | 15.9 ± 0.8a | 102.0 ± 11.5b | 96.7 ± 8.6b | 9,867.6 ± 774.9a |
C-TR#02 | 20.0 ± 1.7a | 26.2 ± 1.1a | 15.5 ± 0.1a | 94.0 ± 2.6ab | 86.7 ± 5.5ab | 11,558.6 ± 1932.7ab |
C-TR#03 | 20.7 ± 1.2a | 26.6 ± 2.2a | 16.3 ± 1.8a | 92.7 ± 8.6ab | 86.0 ± 7.0ab | 12,901.9 ± 1956.9ab |
C-TR#04 | 19.7 ± 1.5a | 25.5 ± 0.9a | 15.3 ± 0.8a | 81.3 ± 5.0a | 75.7 ± 3.8a | 13,529.1 ± 850.7ab |
C-TR#05 | 20.3 ± 1.2a | 25.9 ± 0.7a | 15.1 ± 1.2a | 76.0 ± 3.5a | 72.7 ± 4.0a | 16,392.3 ± 3227.2b |
F | 0.368 | 0.342 | 0.764 | 6.482 | 7.494 | 4.580 |
p | 0.826 | 0.884 | 0.572 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 0.023 |
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Kim, H.; Jeong, H.; Jeon, J.; Bae, S. Effects of Irrigation with Saline Water on Crop Growth and Yield in Greenhouse Cultivation. Water 2016, 8, 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8040127
Kim H, Jeong H, Jeon J, Bae S. Effects of Irrigation with Saline Water on Crop Growth and Yield in Greenhouse Cultivation. Water. 2016; 8(4):127. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8040127
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Hakkwan, Hanseok Jeong, Jihye Jeon, and Seungjong Bae. 2016. "Effects of Irrigation with Saline Water on Crop Growth and Yield in Greenhouse Cultivation" Water 8, no. 4: 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8040127
APA StyleKim, H., Jeong, H., Jeon, J., & Bae, S. (2016). Effects of Irrigation with Saline Water on Crop Growth and Yield in Greenhouse Cultivation. Water, 8(4), 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8040127