Effect of Nitrogen and Irrigation Application on Water Movement and Nitrogen Transport for a Wheat Crop under Drip Irrigation in the North China Plain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Field Management
Month | 2012 | 2013 | Average (1951–2013) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P (mm) | T (°C) | Tmin (°C) | Tmax (°C) | P (mm) | T (°C) | Tmin (°C) | Tmax (°C) | P (mm) | T (°C) | Tmin (°C) | Tmax (°C) | |
April | 58 | 15.0 | 8.2 | 21.1 | 3 | 11.6 | 4.6 | 18.1 | 22 | 13.9 | 7.8 | 20.2 |
May | 7 | 21.5 | 14.0 | 28.2 | 3 | 20.6 | 13.8 | 26.7 | 35 | 20.3 | 13.9 | 26.6 |
June | 72 | 24.0 | 18.3 | 30.2 | 92 | 22.5 | 18.1 | 27.4 | 76 | 24.4 | 18.8 | 30.4 |
Year | Growth Stage | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sowing | Tillering | Stem-Elongation | Inflorescence Emergence, Heading | Development of Fruit | Harvesting | |||||||
date | days | date | days | date | days | date | days | date | days | date | days | |
2011–2012 | 3/10 | 1 | 31/3 | 181 | 24/4 | 205 | 11/5 | 222 | 17/5 | 228 | 13/6 | 255 |
2012–2013 | 9/10 | 1 | 5/4 | 179 | 27/4 | 201 | 11/5 | 215 | 18/5 | 222 | 19/6 | 254 |
2.2. Experimental Design
Treatments | Application of N (kg·ha−1) | Irrigation Amounts (mm) | Evaporative Demands (mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | |
W1F1 | 120 | 120 | 112 | 144 | 253 | 221 |
W1F2 | 140 | 112 | 248 | |||
W1F3 | 190 | 190 | 112 | 144 | 252 | 216 |
W1F4 | 290 | 144 | 222 | |||
W2F1 | 120 | 120 | 70 | 90 | 239 | 206 |
W2F2 | 140 | 70 | 233 | |||
W2F3 | 190 | 190 | 70 | 90 | 235 | 189 |
W2F4 | 290 | 90 | 207 | |||
W3F1 | 120 | 120 | 42 | 54 | 244 | 187 |
W3F2 | 140 | 42 | 213 | |||
W3F3 | 190 | 190 | 42 | 54 | 206 | 180 |
W3F4 | 290 | 54 | 175 |
2.3. Soil Sampling
2.4. Deep Percolation
2.5. Nitrate N Loss Assessment
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Depth and Time Changes of Relative Soil Moisture
3.2. Deep Percolation
Calculation Method | Deep Percolation (mm) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1F1 | W1F2 | W1F3 | W2F1 | W2F2 | W2F3 | W3F1 | W3F2 | W3F3 | |
M1 | 146 | 150 | 139 | 149 | 147 | 139 | 133 | 126 | 119 |
M2 | 101 | 105 | 100 | 114 | 112 | 97 | 93 | 93 | 85 |
M3 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
SEm (W) | 3.10 | 3.20 | - | ||||||
LSD (W) | 6.51 | 6.72 | - | ||||||
SEm (F) | 3.10 | 3.20 | - | ||||||
LSD (F) | 6.51 | 6.72 | - |
Calculation Method | Deep Percolation (mm) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1F1 | W1F3 | W1F4 | W2F1 | W2F3 | W2F4 | W3F1 | W3F3 | W3F4 | |
M1 | 81 | 70 | 70 | 90 | 72 | 76 | 73 | 63 | 52 |
M2 | 40 | 36 | 33 | 38 | 33 | 29 | 31 | 26 | 23 |
M3 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
SEm (W) | 3.07 | 2.38 | - | ||||||
LSD (W) | 6.45 | 5.01 | - | ||||||
SEm (F) | 3.07 | 2.38 | - | ||||||
LSD (F) | 6.45 | 5.01 | - |
3.3. Depth and Time Changes of NO3−-N Concentrations
3.4. NO3− Leaching and NO3− Residual
Treatments | W1F1 | W1F2 | W1F3 | W2F1 | W2F2 | W2F3 | W3F1 | W3F2 | W3F3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NL at 100 cm layer (kg·ha−1) | 21.5 | 21.6 | 23.9 | 29.5 | 22.6 | 31.2 | 21.1 | 26.2 | 27.3 |
Nini at 100 cm layer (kg·ha−1) | 14.7 | 13.8 | 15.3 | 19.7 | 14.8 | 19.0 | 15.0 | 18.0 | 18.8 |
Two-way analysis of variance | |||||||||
Irrigation schedule | NS (p = 0.215) | ||||||||
Nitrogen rate | NS (p = 0.337) | ||||||||
NL at 60 cm layer (kg·ha−1) | 14.7 | 16.0 | 18.5 | 16.9 | 16.5 | 23.6 | 11.0 | 12.4 | 20.6 |
Nini at 60 cm layer (kg·ha−1) | 17.3 | 17.1 | 19.5 | 17.9 | 16.7 | 13.4 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 18.3 |
Two-way analysis of variance | |||||||||
Irrigation schedule | NS (p = 0.088) | ||||||||
Nitrogen rate | * (p = 0.017) | ||||||||
NR in 0–100 cm layer (kg·ha−1) | 13.9 | 15.4 | 17.9 | 12.1 | 16.6 | 25.6 | 18.6 | 19.2 | 28.0 |
Two-way analysis of variance | |||||||||
Irrigation schedule | * (p = 0.000) | ||||||||
Nitrogen rate | * (p = 0.000) | ||||||||
SEm (W) | 0.88 | ||||||||
LSD (W) | 1.86 | ||||||||
SEm (F) | 0.88 | ||||||||
LSD (F) | 1.86 |
Treatments | W1F1 | W1F3 | W1F4 | W2F1 | W2F3 | W2F4 | W3F1 | W3F3 | W3F4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NL at 100 cm layer (kg·ha−1) | 25.3 | 30.5 | 28.6 | 30.4 | 26.4 | 28.4 | 23.7 | 22.6 | 18.7 |
Nini at 100 cm layer (kg·ha−1) | 23.6 | 25.6 | 24.5 | 25.4 | 24.5 | 24.2 | 23.6 | 23.3 | 22.4 |
Two-way analysis of variance | |||||||||
Irrigation schedule | NS (p = 0.073) | ||||||||
Nitrogen rate | NS (p = 0.828) | ||||||||
NL at 60 cm layer (kg·ha−1) | 21.6 | 31.5 | 45.3 | 31.6 | 46.5 | 62.1 | 18.2 | 27.2 | 40.5 |
Nini at 60 cm layer (kg·ha−1) | 39.7 | 47.3 | 60.1 | 46.2 | 57.7 | 70.7 | 50.1 | 45.9 | 60.3 |
Two-way analysis of variance | |||||||||
Irrigation schedule | * (p = 0.001) | ||||||||
Nitrogen rate | * (p = 0.000) | ||||||||
NR in 0–100 cm layer (kg·ha−1) | 99.2 | 114.9 | 185.6 | 119.3 | 169.0 | 288.2 | 117.8 | 180.6 | 303.8 |
Two-way analysis of variance | |||||||||
Irrigation schedule | * (p = 0.000) | ||||||||
Nitrogen rate | * (p = 0.000) | ||||||||
SEm (W) | 4.21 | ||||||||
LSD (W) | 8.85 | ||||||||
SEm (F) | 4.21 | ||||||||
LSD (F) | 8.85 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Irrigation on Water Movement and N Dynamics
4.2. Movement of Water for a Wheat Crop under Drip Irrigation
4.3. Distribution of NO3−-N in Relation to the Movement of Water
4.4. Deep Percolation at Different Levels of N and Water under Drip Irrigation
4.5. Risk of N Leaching at Different Levels of N and Water under Drip Irrigation
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sui, J.; Wang, J.; Gong, S.; Xu, D.; Zhang, Y. Effect of Nitrogen and Irrigation Application on Water Movement and Nitrogen Transport for a Wheat Crop under Drip Irrigation in the North China Plain. Water 2015, 7, 6651-6672. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7116651
Sui J, Wang J, Gong S, Xu D, Zhang Y. Effect of Nitrogen and Irrigation Application on Water Movement and Nitrogen Transport for a Wheat Crop under Drip Irrigation in the North China Plain. Water. 2015; 7(11):6651-6672. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7116651
Chicago/Turabian StyleSui, Juan, Jiandong Wang, Shihong Gong, Di Xu, and Yanqun Zhang. 2015. "Effect of Nitrogen and Irrigation Application on Water Movement and Nitrogen Transport for a Wheat Crop under Drip Irrigation in the North China Plain" Water 7, no. 11: 6651-6672. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7116651