Monitoring the Landscape Pattern Dynamics and Driving Forces in Dongting Lake Wetland in China Based on Landsat Images
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Datasets and Pre-Processing
2.2.1. Remote Sensing Data
2.2.2. Field Measurement Data
2.2.3. Hydrology and Meteorological Data
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. CART Decision Tree Classification Method
2.3.2. Landscape Pattern Index
- 1.
- PD
- 2.
- ED
- 3.
- SHDI
- 4.
- SHEI
- 5.
- LSI
- 6.
- FRAC_MN
2.3.3. Dynamic Degree and Transition Matrix Models
- 7.
- Dynamic degree model
- 8.
- Transition matrix model
3. Results
3.1. Accuracy Verification Results of SVM, ML, and CART Methods
3.2. Spatio-Temporal Changes in Wetland Landscape
3.3. Driving Factors of Wetland Landscape
4. Discussion
4.1. Influencing Forces of Dongting Lake Wetland Dynamics
4.2. Dynamic Evolution of Dongting Lake Wetland
4.3. Limitations and Future Work
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number | Year | Row/Path: 123/40 | Row/Path: 124/40 | Water Level (m) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Data | Satellite | Data | Satellite | |||
1 | 1991 | 11.8 | TM | 11.15 | TM | 22.96 |
2 | 1993 | 12.31 | TM | 12.6 | TM | 22.43 |
3 | 1995 | 12.5 | TM | 12.28 | TM | 20.77 |
4 | 1999 | 12.24 | ETM+ | 12.15 | ETM+ | 21.30 |
5 | 2001 | 12.29 | ETM+ | 10.1 | ETM+ | 20.56 |
6 | 2004 | 12.5 | ETM+ | 12.12 | ETM+ | 22.19 |
7 | 2008 | 12.8 | TM | 12.31 | TM | 21.64 |
8 | 2010 | 11.12 | TM | 11.19 | TM | 21.88 |
9 | 2014 | 12.17 | ETM+ | 12.8 | ETM+ | 22.65 |
10 | 2016 | 11.28 | OLI | 12.5 | OLI | 21.87 |
11 | 2020 | 11.7 | OLI | 11.14 | OLI | 23.80 |
12 | 2022 | 12.23 | OLI | 12.22 | OLI | 19.44 |
Year | SVM | ML | CART | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accuracy | Kappa | Accuracy | Kappa | Accuracy | Kappa | |
1991 | 93.59% | 0.9171 | 92.43% | 0.9029 | 93.09% | 0.9111 |
1993 | 88.29% | 0.8470 | 92.47% | 0.9012 | 90.80% | 0.8794 |
1995 | 94.68% | 0.9320 | 94.18% | 0.9259 | 95.01% | 0.9362 |
1999 | 94.09% | 0.9248 | 94.96% | 0.9359 | 94.43% | 0.9290 |
2001 | 93.43% | 0.9165 | 97.61% | 0.9698 | 91.49% | 0.8919 |
2004 | 98.21% | 0.9769 | 98.37% | 0.979 | 96.42% | 0.9537 |
2008 | 92.64% | 0.9057 | 93.13% | 0.912 | 92.80% | 0.9082 |
2010 | 94.53% | 0.9289 | 92.87% | 0.9082 | 91.54% | 0.8901 |
2014 | 95.16% | 0.9361 | 95.76% | 0.9445 | 93.80% | 0.9183 |
2016 | 91.82% | 0.8957 | 89.20% | 0.8638 | 92.64% | 0.9062 |
2020 | 95.88% | 0.9475 | 90.72% | 0.8811 | 90.72% | 0.8822 |
2022 | 86.76% | 0.8285 | 76.91% | 0.7056 | 90.88% | 0.8822 |
Mean | 93.26% | 0.9130 | 92.38% | 0.9024 | 92.80% | 0.9074 |
Time Interval | Mudflat | Water | Reed | Sedge | Woodland | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991–2001 | 1.12% | −0.72% | 1.99% | −0.78% | −6.55% | 0.75% |
2001–2004 | −9.12% | −5.64% | −3.54% | 7.40% | 136.57% | 4.03% |
2004–2022 | −1.04% | 1.70% | −0.77% | 0.50% | −1.85% | 0.53% |
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Guo, M.; Zhou, N.; Cai, Y.; Zhao, W.; Lu, S.; Liu, K. Monitoring the Landscape Pattern Dynamics and Driving Forces in Dongting Lake Wetland in China Based on Landsat Images. Water 2024, 16, 1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091273
Guo M, Zhou N, Cai Y, Zhao W, Lu S, Liu K. Monitoring the Landscape Pattern Dynamics and Driving Forces in Dongting Lake Wetland in China Based on Landsat Images. Water. 2024; 16(9):1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091273
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Mengshen, Nianqing Zhou, Yi Cai, Wengang Zhao, Shuaishuai Lu, and Kehao Liu. 2024. "Monitoring the Landscape Pattern Dynamics and Driving Forces in Dongting Lake Wetland in China Based on Landsat Images" Water 16, no. 9: 1273. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091273