Water Footprints of Dairy Milk Processing Industry: A Case Study of Punjab (India) †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. The Study Area
2.2. The Study Variables
2.3. Quantification of Water Footprint of Dairy Milk Processing
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water Used and Consumed in the Dairy Milk Processing Plants
- (a)
- Direct Water Usage (DWU)
- (b)
- Direct Water Footprint (DWF)
- (c)
- Indirect Water Footprint (IWF)
- (d)
- Total Water Footprint (TWF)
3.2. Seasonal Variability in Water Used and Consumed in the Dairy Milk Processing Plants
3.3. Relationship between Dairy Processing Product Mix and Its Water Footprint
3.4. Assessment of Dairy Processing Water Footprint Impact on Water Resources in Punjab State
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S.No. | Name of Milk Processing Plant | Installed Capacity (Million L/day) | Utilized Capacity (Million L/day) | % Utilization of the Installed Capacity |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | X1 | 0.55 | 0.60 | 109 |
2 | X2 | 0.40 | 0.47 | 118 |
3 | X3 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 113 |
4 | X4 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 120 |
5 | X5 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 107 |
6 | X6 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 115 |
7 | X7 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 100 |
8 | X8 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 115 |
9 | X9 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 133 |
Name of Milk Processing Plant | Product Mix |
---|---|
X1 | Liquid Milk, Butter, Ghee, Dahi, Paneer, Milk Powder (MP), Milk Cake |
X2 | Liquid Milk, Butter, Ghee, Dahi, Paneer, Milk Powder (MP) |
X3 | Liquid Milk, Butter, Ghee, Dahi, Paneer |
X4 | Liquid Milk, Butter, Ghee, Dahi, Paneer, Milk Powder (MP) |
X5 | Liquid Milk, Butter, Ghee, Dahi, Paneer |
X6 | Liquid Milk, Butter, Ghee, Dahi, Paneer, Milk Powder (MP), Ice Cream |
X7 | Liquid Milk, Butter, Ghee, Dahi, Paneer, Milk Powder (MP) |
X8 | Liquid Milk, Butter, Ghee, Dahi, Paneer, Milk Powder (MP) |
X9 | Liquid Milk, Butter, Ghee, Dahi, Paneer, Milk Powder (MP) |
Season | Mean Milk Processed (Million Kg per Plant) | Water Used or Consumed (in Liters per kg of Milk Processed). The Water Footprint Refers to the Water Consumed. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct Water Use (DWU) | Direct Water Footprint (DWF) | Indirect Water Footprint (IWF) | Total Water Footprint (TWF) | ||
2015 | |||||
Summer | 26.84 | 5.32 ± 3.71 | 1.31 ± 0.78 * | 8.41 ± 2.99 * | 9.72 ± 3.66 * |
Winter | 35.14 | 3.36 ± 1.77 | 0.97 ± 0.55 * | 6.38 ± 2.03 * | 7.35 ± 2.46 * |
Annual | 30.99 | 4.34 ± 2.68 | 1.14 ± 0.66 * | 7.39 ± 2.36 * | 8.53 ± 2.93 * |
2016 | |||||
Summer | 23.31 | 4.33 ± 2.27 | 1.87 ± 1.87 * | 9.41 ± 2.86 | 11.28 ± 4.62 |
Winter | 31.65 | 3.54 ± 1.93 | 1.38 ± 1.45 * | 7.51 ± 2.50 * | 8.89 ± 3.90 * |
Annual | 27.48 | 3.93 ± 2.05 | 1.62 ± 1.63 * | 8.46 ± 2.59 * | 10.08 ± 4.18 * |
2017 | |||||
Summer | 66.26 | 2.99 ± 2.24 | 0.76 ± 0.69 * | 6.81 ± 2.53 * | 7.57 ± 2.98 * |
Winter | 79.45 | 2.45 ± 1.70 | 0.60 ± 0.42 * | 6.17 ± 2.89 * | 6.77 ± 3.16 * |
Annual | 72.85 | 2.72 ± 1.92 | 0.68 ± 0.54 * | 6.49 ± 2.63 * | 7.17 ± 2.98 * |
2018 | |||||
Summer | 43.42 | 3.71 ± 2.56 | 0.97 ± 0.78 * | 10.80 ± 5.18 * | 11.77 ± 5.69 * |
Winter | 58.09 | 2.55 ± 1.45 | 0.63 ± 0.38 * | 6.64 ± 2.27 * | 7.27 ± 2.43 * |
Annual | 50.76 | 3.13 ± 1.99 | 0.80 ± 0.58 * | 8.72 ± 3.54 * | 9.52 ± 3.89 * |
2019 | |||||
Summer | 38.28 | 4.03 ± 2.56 | 1.02 ± 0.72 * | 10.54 ± 2.37 | 11.56 ± 2.76 |
Winter | 53.47 | 2.54 ± 1.41 | 0.61 ± 0.35 * | 6.89 ± 1.63 | 7.50 ± 1.81 |
Annual | 45.87 | 3.29 ± 1.97 | 0.82 ± 0.53 * | 8.71 ± 1.87 * | 9.53 ± 2.15 * |
Plant | Milk Proc. (Millon kg per Year) | TWF (L of Water/kg Milk Processed) | Liquid Milk (%) | Ghee (%) | Butter (%) | MP (%) | Paneer (%) | Dahi (%) | Milk Cake (%) | Ice Cream (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | 15.86 | 5.28 | 87.07 | 1.61 | 2.58 | 3.43 | 0.80 | 4.51 | 0.01 | |
X2 | 4.68 | 7.41 | 93.15 | 0.99 | 0.84 | 0.07 | 1.02 | 3.92 | ||
X3 | 3.34 | 7.14 | 90.78 | 0.77 | 0.83 | 0.54 | 7.08 | |||
X4 | 3.62 | 8.31 | 90.38 | 0.98 | 1.04 | 2.72 | 1.02 | 3.90 | ||
X5 | 18.14 | 5.39 | 88.93 | 0.41 | 1.11 | 1.08 | 8.46 | |||
X6 | 2.45 | 12.14 | 76.28 | 3.49 | 2.10 | 3.90 | 6.70 | 7.14 | 0.38 | |
X7 | 1.34 | 14.23 | 85.19 | 1.33 | 2.05 | 2.74 | 0.93 | 7.76 | ||
X8 | 2.51 | 10.20 | 56.20 | 8.31 | 5.29 | 12.20 | 7.52 | 10.47 | ||
X9 | 1.96 | 10.78 | 85.95 | 1.97 | 2.55 | 5.76 | 0.46 | 3.32 | ||
Av | 5.98 | 8.99 | 83.77 | 2.21 | 2.04 | 3.42 | 2.23 | 6.29 | 0.01 | 0.38 |
District of the Dairy Processing Plants | Groundwater Over-Utilization in the District (%) | Groundwater Usage in Agricultural Activities in the District (MCM per Year) | Groundwater Usage at Industrial and Domestic Level in the District (MCM per Year) | Groundwater Usage (DWU) in the Study Dairy Milk Processing Plant (MCM per Year) | Groundwater Consumption (DWF) in the Study Dairy Milk Plant (MCM per Year) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | 183 | 3383.77 | 163.30 | 1.46 | 0.39 |
X2 | 239 | 2684.33 | 122.64 | 0.47 | 0.12 |
X3 | 217 | 2903.19 | 71.39 | 0.45 | 0.10 |
X4 | 148 | 2179.50 | 100.14 | 0.39 | 0.13 |
X5 | 120 | 236.93 | 71.77 | 1.06 | 0.23 |
X6 | 98 | 1321.49 | 54.84 | 0.88 | 0.22 |
X7 | 107 | 848.90 | 72.31 | 0.30 | 0.09 |
X8 | 260 | 3685.02 | 61.29 | 0.72 | 0.24 |
X9 | 135 | 2024.77 | 70.64 | 0.13 | 0.03 |
Punjab | 166 | 34,564.64 | 1217.72 | 27.64 | 7.27 |
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Sharma, H.; Singh, P.K.; Kaur, I.; Singh, R. Water Footprints of Dairy Milk Processing Industry: A Case Study of Punjab (India). Water 2024, 16, 435. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16030435
Sharma H, Singh PK, Kaur I, Singh R. Water Footprints of Dairy Milk Processing Industry: A Case Study of Punjab (India). Water. 2024; 16(3):435. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16030435
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharma, Hanish, Pranav K. Singh, Inderpreet Kaur, and Ranvir Singh. 2024. "Water Footprints of Dairy Milk Processing Industry: A Case Study of Punjab (India)" Water 16, no. 3: 435. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16030435